人们对环境中内分泌干扰物的毒性越来越重视。[37]Chen J, Wu S, Wen S, et al. The mechanism of environmental endocrine disruptors (DEHP) induces epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of cryptorchidism. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 2;10(6):e0126403.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0126403http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26035430?tool=bestpractice.com 这可能包括多氯联苯 (polychlorinated biphenyl, PCB) 等有机氯、[38]Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Kiviranta H, et al. Association between levels of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue and cryptorchidism in early childhood: a case-control study. Environ Health. 2015 Sep 24;14:78.https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-015-0065-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26403566?tool=bestpractice.com 环境雌激素、邻苯二甲酸酯[39]Hart RJ, Frederiksen H, Doherty DA, et al. The possible impact of antenatal exposure to ubiquitous phthalates upon male reproductive function at 20 years of age. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Jun 4;9:288.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00288/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29922230?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Anand-Ivell R, Cohen A, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, et al. Amniotic fluid INSL3 measured during the critical time window in human pregnancy relates to cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and phthalate load: a large case-control study. Front Physiol. 2018 Apr 24;9:406.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00406/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29740335?tool=bestpractice.com 和双酚 A (bisphenol-A, BPA)。[14]Sathyanarayana S, Grady R, Barrett ES, et al. First trimester phthalate exposure and male newborn genital anomalies. Environ Res. 2016 Nov;151:777-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567446?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Fernández MF, Arrebola JP, Jiménez-Díaz I, et al. Bisphenol A and other phenols in human placenta from children with cryptorchidism or hypospadias. Reprod Toxicol. 2016 Jan;59:89-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26602963?tool=bestpractice.com 2011 年日本福岛核事故发生后,全国隐睾症患者增加了 13%。[42]Murase K, Murase J, Machidori K, et al. Nationwide increase in cryptorchidism after the Fukushima nuclear accident. Urology. 2018 May 8;118:65-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29751027?tool=bestpractice.com 服用镇痛药、[16]Jensen MS, Rebordosa C, Thulstrup AM, et al. Maternal use of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism. Epidemiology. 2010 Nov;21(6):779-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20805751?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Philippat C, Giorgis-Allemand L, Chevrier C, et al. Analgesics during pregnancy and undescended testis. Epidemiology. 2011 Sep;22(5):747-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21811116?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Gurney J, Richiardi L, McGlynn KA, et al. Analgesia use during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2017 May 1;32(5):1118-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28333256?tool=bestpractice.com 吸烟[15]Mongraw-Chaffin ML, Cohn BA, Cohen RD, et al. Maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine consumption during pregnancy in relation to a son's risk of persistent cryptorchidism: a prospective study in the Child Health and Development Studies cohort, 1959-1967. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Feb 1;167(3):257-61.https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/167/3/257/132230http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18024986?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Hum Reprod Update. 2011 Sep-Oct;17(5):589-604.https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/17/5/589/760093http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21747128?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Zhang L, Wang XH, Zheng XM, et al. Maternal gestational smoking, diabetes, alcohol drinking, pre-pregnancy obesity and the risk of cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 23;10(3):e0119006.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0119006http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25798927?tool=bestpractice.com 和接触杀虫剂或农药暴露[45]Lane C, Boxall J, MacLellan D, et al. A population-based study of prevalence trends and geospatial analysis of hypospadias and cryptorchidism compared with non-endocrine mediated congenital anomalies. J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Jun;13(3):284.e1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28351651?tool=bestpractice.com 均与隐睾症的风险增加有关联,但是一项文献综述表明这些研究往往结果互相冲突,而且由于化学混合化合物的复杂性以及隐睾症的病理生理机制不明,因此很难解读这些研究结果。[3]Brucker-Davis F, Pointis G, Chevallier D, et al. Update on cryptorchidism: endocrine, environmental and therapeutic aspects. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 Jun;26(6):575-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952375?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Vidaeff AC, Sever LE. In utero exposure to environmental estrogens and male reproductive health: a systematic review of biological and epidemiologic evidence. Reprod Toxicol. 2005 May-Jun;20(1):5-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15808781?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Damgaard IN, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, et al. Persistent pesticides in human breast milk and cryptorchidism. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jul;114(7):1133-8.https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/ehp.8741http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16835070?tool=bestpractice.com