这种调整声门上部以解除阻塞的手术有非常好的成功率,据报道,79% 到 98% 的病例有很好的结果。[7]Roger G, Denoyelle F, Triglia JM, et al. Severe laryngomalacia: surgical indications and results in 115 patients. Laryngoscope. 1995;105:1111-1117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7564844?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Denoyelle F, Mondain M, Grésillon N, et al. Failures and complications of supraglottoplasty in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:1077-1080.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/129/10/1077http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568790?tool=bestpractice.com
已经报道了几种声门上成形术的方法。根据观察到的解剖特征确定患者主要的阻塞部位,然后针对这一主要阻塞部位选择手术方法。方法包括切断或切除杓会厌皱襞,[1]Loke D, Ghosh S, Panarese A, et al. Endoscopic division of the ary-epiglottic folds in severe laryngomalacia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001;60:59-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11434955?tool=bestpractice.com切除冗余的杓状软骨上方黏膜,根据需要切除或保留楔状软骨或小角软骨,
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 使用冷钢的声门上成形术后喉部外观选自 Simone J. Boardman, MBBS, FRACS (OHNS) 和 C. Martin Bailey, BSc, FRCS, FRCSEd 的个人教学集 [Citation ends].注意保留杓间区黏膜。[34]Senders CW, Navarrete EG. Laser supraglottoplasty for laryngomalacia: are specific anatomical defects more influential than associated anomalies on outcome? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001;57:235-244.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11223456?tool=bestpractice.com或者可以采用会厌融合术,用激光使会厌粘附于舌根,可以缝合或不缝合。[3]Werner JA, Lippert BM, Dunne AA, et al. Epiglottopexy for the treatment of severe laryngomalacia. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;259:459-464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12386747?tool=bestpractice.com也有部分会厌切断术的介绍。有些作者建议行单侧声门上成形术,即切断单侧杓状会厌襞,从而将声门上狭窄[35]Reddy DK, Matt BH. Unilateral vs. bilateral supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127:694-699.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/127/6/694http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11405871?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Kelly SM, Gray SD. Unilateral endoscopic supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1351-1354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7488362?tool=bestpractice.com或误吸[36]Kelly SM, Gray SD. Unilateral endoscopic supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1351-1354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7488362?tool=bestpractice.com发生的风险控制到最低。
没有发现使用二氧化碳激光、喉显微手术剪或显微电动整复器会对手术的结果带来区别。[7]Roger G, Denoyelle F, Triglia JM, et al. Severe laryngomalacia: surgical indications and results in 115 patients. Laryngoscope. 1995;105:1111-1117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7564844?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Zalzal GH, Collins WO. Microdebrider-assisted supraglottoplasty. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69:305-309.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15733588?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Lane RW, Weider DJ, Steinem C, et al. Laryngomalacia. A review and case report of surgical treatment with resolution of pectus excavatum. Arch Otolaryngol. 1984;110:546-551.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6743107?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Seid AB, Park SM, Kearns MJ, et al. Laser division of the aryepiglottic folds for severe laryngomalacia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1985;10:153-158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4093254?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Zalzal GH, Anon JB, Cotton RT. Epiglottoplasty for the treatment of laryngomalacia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1987;96:72-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3813390?tool=bestpractice.com
必要时可以重复手术治疗阻塞的其他部分。与孤立性 LM 患者相比,患有其他先天性异常的患者术后的结果可能更差,但并发症风险不会更高。[29]Denoyelle F, Mondain M, Grésillon N, et al. Failures and complications of supraglottoplasty in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:1077-1080.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/129/10/1077http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568790?tool=bestpractice.com广泛的咽喉软化术后结果也可能不佳,这些患者最终可能需要行气管造口术。[7]Roger G, Denoyelle F, Triglia JM, et al. Severe laryngomalacia: surgical indications and results in 115 patients. Laryngoscope. 1995;105:1111-1117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7564844?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Froehlich P, Seid AB, Denoyelle F, et al. Discoordinate pharyngolaryngomalacia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1997;39:9-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9051435?tool=bestpractice.com
并发症的发生率不到 8%,与手术的范围、切除的组织和切除方式有关。[29]Denoyelle F, Mondain M, Grésillon N, et al. Failures and complications of supraglottoplasty in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:1077-1080.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/129/10/1077http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568790?tool=bestpractice.com并发症包括肉芽肿、粘连、误吸、和声门上狭窄。[29]Denoyelle F, Mondain M, Grésillon N, et al. Failures and complications of supraglottoplasty in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:1077-1080.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/129/10/1077http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568790?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Kelly SM, Gray SD. Unilateral endoscopic supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1351-1354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7488362?tool=bestpractice.com2% 至 4% 的病例会发生声门上狭窄,并且治疗困难。[29]Denoyelle F, Mondain M, Grésillon N, et al. Failures and complications of supraglottoplasty in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:1077-1080.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/129/10/1077http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568790?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Reddy DK, Matt BH. Unilateral vs. bilateral supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127:694-699.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/127/6/694http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11405871?tool=bestpractice.com只切断单杓会厌襞的单侧声门上成形术具有最低的并发症,[1]Loke D, Ghosh S, Panarese A, et al. Endoscopic division of the ary-epiglottic folds in severe laryngomalacia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001;60:59-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11434955?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Denoyelle F, Mondain M, Grésillon N, et al. Failures and complications of supraglottoplasty in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:1077-1080.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/129/10/1077http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568790?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Reddy DK, Matt BH. Unilateral vs. bilateral supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127:694-699.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/127/6/694http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11405871?tool=bestpractice.com但弊端是有更高的多次手术的几率。[29]Denoyelle F, Mondain M, Grésillon N, et al. Failures and complications of supraglottoplasty in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:1077-1080.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/129/10/1077http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568790?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Reddy DK, Matt BH. Unilateral vs. bilateral supraglottoplasty for severe laryngomalacia in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127:694-699.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/127/6/694http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11405871?tool=bestpractice.com