疫苗
针对大肠杆菌和其他尿路病原体的疫苗是一种很有前景的新兴治疗。针对大肠杆菌以及其他尿路病原体的黏膜和胃肠外疫苗正在研究中。[50]Stapleton A. Novel approaches to prevention of urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003;17:457-471.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12848479?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Cruz F, Dambros M, Naber KG, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections: Uro-Vaxom, a new alternative. Eur Urol Suppl. 2009;8:762-768.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569905609000633疫苗作用于大肠杆菌还未用于临床。
乳酸杆菌
阴道乳酸杆菌是对尿路感染的重要宿主防御。在健康的绝经前女性中,阴道环境是酸性的,主要细菌是乳酸杆菌。评估通过阴道途径给予乳酸杆菌种益生菌容量的研究已经在泌尿系统感染的女性中进行,是一个有争议的但有前景的结果。[52]Abad CL, Safdar N. The role of lactobacillus probiotics in the treatment or prevention of urogenital infections - a systematic review. J Chemother. 2009;21:243-252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19567343?tool=bestpractice.com最近的一项研究结果显示,每日口服乳酸杆菌与每日服用甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑在预防复发性泌尿系统感染方面同样有效。[53]Beerepoot MA, ter Riet G, Nys S, et al. Lactobacilli vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:704-712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22782199?tool=bestpractice.com目前没有可靠的乳酸杆菌产品用于泌尿生殖道以防止泌尿系统感染。[54]Reid G, Bruce AW, Taylor M. Influence of three-day antimicrobial therapy and lactobacillus vaginal suppositories on recurrence of urinary tract infections. Clin Ther. 1992;14:11-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1576619?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Baerheim A, Larsen E, Digranes A. Vaginal application of lactobacilli in the prophylaxis of recurrent lower urinary tract infection in women. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1994;12:239-243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7863140?tool=bestpractice.com