缺乏雌激素(与泌尿生殖器萎缩一致)是泌尿系统感染的危险因素。[19]Stamm WE, Raz R. Factors contributing to susceptibility of postmenopausal women to recurrent urinary tract infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:723-725.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10825026?tool=bestpractice.com
局部使用阴道内雌三醇霜可减少绝经后女性的泌尿系统感染;[13]Raz R, Stamm WE. A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:753-756.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8350884?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Cardozo L, Lose G, McClish D, et al. A systematic review of estrogens for recurrent urinary tract infections: third report of the hormones and urogenital therapy (HUT) committee. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12:15-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11294525?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Perrotta C, Aznar M, Mejia R, et al. Oestrogens for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD005131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425910?tool=bestpractice.com阴道黏膜的雌激素促进了乳酸杆菌的定植,这减少尿路病原体的存在,从而降低了泌尿系统感染的风险。当症状局限在泌尿生殖道时,不推荐全身性雌激素治疗优于局部使用雌激素治疗,局部用药可减少雌激素吸收。[22]Trinkaus M, Chin S, Wolfman W, et al. Should urogenital atrophy in breast cancer survivors be treated with topical estrogens? Oncologist. 2008;13:222-231.http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/13/3/222.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18378532?tool=bestpractice.com
绝经后女性的性行为与泌尿系统感染的关系不如年轻女性密切。
尿失禁和雌激素的补充也与老年女性泌尿系统感染相关,虽然原因不完全明确。[23]Hu KK, Boyko EJ, Scholes D, et al. Risk factors for urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:989-993.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=216998http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15136308?tool=bestpractice.com