益生菌
在腹泻病程早期使用益生菌(例如不同种类的乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、嗜热链球菌和酵母菌益生菌)可减少排便频率和缩短腹泻持续时间,并甚至减少受感染患者体内轮状病毒的脱落。[51]Bernaola Aponte G, Bada Mancilla CA, Carreazo Pariasca NY, et al. Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD007401.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007401.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21069693?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Floch MH, Walker WA, Madsen K, et al. Recommendations for probiotic use - 2011 update. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(suppl):168-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21992958?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, et al. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet. 1994;344:1046-1049.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7934445?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Szajewska H, Skorka A, Ruszczynski M, et al. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:871-881.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03282.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17402990?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, et al. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003048.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21069673?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Riaz M, Alam S, Malik A, et al. Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii in acute childhood diarrhea: a double blind randomised controlled trial. Indian J Pediatr. 2012;79:478-482.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997865?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Salari P, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. A meta-analysis and systematic review on the effect of probiotics in acute diarrhea. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2012;11:3-14.http://www.eurekaselect.com/89334/articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22309079?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Feizizadeh S, Salehi-Abargouei A, Akbari V. Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii for acute diarrhea. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e176-e191.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24958586?tool=bestpractice.com缩短腹泻病程和降低严重性:有高质量的证据表明,在急性腹泻感染的儿童中,乳杆菌可以缩短腹泻病程(大约每日 0.6),并在治疗的第二日减少 1 至 2 次的腹泻频率。[59]Van Niel CW, Feudtner C, Garrison MM, et al. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2002;109:678-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11927715?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。作用机制尚未完全清楚,但可能涉及上皮、分子、代谢和免疫反应之间复杂的相互作用。[60]Salvatore S, Hauser B, Devreker T, et al. Probiotics and zinc in acute infectious gastroenteritis in children: are they effective? Nutrition. 2007;23:498-506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17499972?tool=bestpractice.com据推测,益生菌通过竞争性阻断受体部位而起作用,提高免疫反应,并产生灭活病毒颗粒的物质。[61]Freedman SB. Acute infectious pediatric gastroenteritis: beyond oral rehydration therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8:1651-1665.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17685883?tool=bestpractice.com
锌补充
在发展中国家患有腹泻的儿童补充锌可降低腹泻的持续时间和严重性。[62]Lazzerini M, Wanzira H. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(12):CD005436.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005436.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27996088?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Haider BA, Bhutta ZA. The effect of therapeutic zinc supplementation among young children with selected infections: a review of the evidence. Food Nutr Bull. 2009;30(1 Suppl):S41-S59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19472601?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Fischer Walker CL, Black RE. Zinc for the treatment of diarrhoea: effect on diarrhoea morbidity, mortality and incidence of future episodes. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(suppl 1):i63-i69.https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/39/suppl_1/i63/700151/Zinc-for-the-treatment-of-diarrhoea-effect-onhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20348128?tool=bestpractice.com缩短腹泻病程和降低严重性:有高质量的证据表明,在发展中国家患有腹泻的儿童补充锌可降低腹泻的持续时间和严重性。[65]Patel AB, Dhande LA, Rawat MS. Therapeutic evaluation of zinc and copper supplementation in acute diarrhea in children: double blind randomized trial. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:433-442.http://www.indianpediatrics.net/may2005/433.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15923689?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Bahl R, Bhandari N, Saksena M, et al. Efficacy of zinc-fortified oral rehydration solution in 6- to 35-month-old children with acute diarrhea. J Pediatr. 2002;141:677-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12410197?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Bhatnager S, Bahl R, Sharma PK, et al. Zinc with oral rehydration therapy reduces stool output and duration of diarrhea in hospitalized children: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38:34-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14676592?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。锌是人体必需的微量元素之一,并且是参与中间代谢的多种酶的辅助因子。它作为一种自由氧自由基清除剂,保护细胞膜免受氧化损伤。锌对肠绒毛和刷状缘双糖酶活性和肠道水和电解质的运输具有直接作用。[65]Patel AB, Dhande LA, Rawat MS. Therapeutic evaluation of zinc and copper supplementation in acute diarrhea in children: double blind randomized trial. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:433-442.http://www.indianpediatrics.net/may2005/433.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15923689?tool=bestpractice.com锌也有助于增强细胞免疫和体液免疫,从而提高从肠道清除导致腹泻的病原体。[66]Bahl R, Bhandari N, Saksena M, et al. Efficacy of zinc-fortified oral rehydration solution in 6- to 35-month-old children with acute diarrhea. J Pediatr. 2002;141:677-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12410197?tool=bestpractice.com在大量的研究中,都介绍了补充锌的好处,WHO 和 UNICEF 建议患急性腹泻儿童每天补充 20 mg 锌(6 个月以下婴幼儿 10 mg/天),补充 10至 14天。[68]WHO/UNICEF joint statement. Clinical management of acute diarrhoea. May 2004. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 21 April 2017).http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/who_fch_cah_04_7/en/在急性腹泻期间,另一种补锌方式是将其混入口服补液溶液 (ORS).从补充锌中受益最大的患者可能是那些营养不良的儿童和那些缺乏症儿童。在腹泻期间补充锌在发达国家的作用仍需进一步评估。由于传统 ORS 的有效性和补充锌增加的成本,在发达国家补充锌不作为常规推荐。
消旋卡多曲
消旋卡多曲是一种肠反分泌作用方式的抗腹泻药。一项 9 个随机对照试验的 meta 分析在急性胃肠炎儿童患者中比较消旋卡多曲作为 ORS 辅助的效力,对比单独的 ORS 和 ORS 加上安慰剂。试验发现,当使用消旋卡多曲作为 ORS 的辅助时,尽管有变量的基准条件(脱水程度、不同年龄和存在轮状病毒),但在住院、门诊和不同的文化背景下,它减少了腹泻(持续时间、排便和排便量)。[69]Lehert P, Chéron G, Calatayud GA, et al. Racecadotril for childhood gastroenteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43:707-713.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21514257?tool=bestpractice.com