Leung AK, Kellner JD, Davies HD. Rotavirus gastroenteritis. Adv Ther. 2005;22:476-487.
Cortese MM, Parashar UD; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58:1-25.
Le Saux N; Canadian Pediatric Society. Position statement: recommendations for the use of rotavirus vaccines in infants. September 2016. http://www.cps.ca/ (last accessed 21 April 2017).
Canadian Paediatric Society. Oral rehydration therapy and early refeeding in the management of childhood gastroenteritis. Paediatr Child Health. 2006;11:527-531.
King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, et al. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52:1-16.
Fonseca BK, Holdgate A, Craig JC. Enteral vs intravenous rehydration therapy for children with gastroenteritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:483-490.
Carter B, Fedorowicz Z. Antiemetic treatment for acute gastroenteritis in children: an updated Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis and mixed treatment comparison in a Bayesian framework. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e000622.
1. World Health Organization. Children's environmental health. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 21 April 2017).
2. Leung AK. Oral rehydration therapy and early refeeding in the management of childhood gastroenteritis. In: Carter LV, ed. Child nutrition research advances. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc; 2007.
3. Hirshhorn N, Greenough WB III. Progress in oral rehydration therapy. Sci Am. 1991;264:50-56.
4. Leung AK, Kellner JD, Davies HD. Rotavirus gastroenteritis. Adv Ther. 2005;22:476-487.
5. Cook SM, Glass RI, LeBaron CW, et al. Global seasonality of rotavirus infections. Bull World Health Organ. 1990;68:171-177.
6. Webb A, Starr M. Acute gastroenteritis in children. Aust Fam Physician. 2005;34:227-231.
7. Dalby-Payne J, Elliott E. Gastroenteritis in children. Clin Evid. 2005;13:343-353.
8. Rosenfeldt V, Vesikari T, Pang XL. Viral etiology and incidence of acute gastroenteritis in young children attending daycare centers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:962-965.
9. Rivest P, Proulx M, Lonergan G, et al. Hospitalisations for gastroenteritis: the role of rotavirus. Vaccine. 2004;22:2013-2017.
10. Ehlken B, Laubereau B, Karmaus W, et al. Prospective population-based study on rotavirus disease in Germany. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91:769-775.
11. Cook N, Bridger J, Kendall K, et al. The zoonotic potential of rotavirus. J Infect. 2004;48:289-302.
12. Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011;60:1-18.
13. Sood M, Booth IW. Is prolonged rotavirus infection a common cause of protracted diarrhoea? Arch Dis Child. 1999;80:309-310.
14. Ramig RF. Pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic rotavirus infection. J Virol. 2004;78:10213-10220.
15. Lundgren O, Svensson L. Pathogenesis of rotavirus diarrhea. Microbes Infect. 2001;3:1145-1156.
16. Zheng BJ, Lo SK, Tam JS, et al. Prospective study of community-acquired rotavirus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:2083-2090.
17. Vesikari T, Matson DO, Dennehy P, et al. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:23-33.
18. Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pérez-Schael I, Velázquez FR, et al. Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:11-22.
19. Clark HF, Bernstein DI, Dennehy PH, et al. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of a live, quadrivalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine in healthy infants. J Pediatr. 2004;144:184-190.
20. Leung AK, Sauve RS. Breast is best for babies. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97:1010-1019.
21. Popkin BM, Adair L, Akin JS, et al. Breast-feeding and diarrheal morbidity. Pediatrics. 1990;86:874-882.
22. Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Ehiri JE, Arikpo D, et al. Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD004265.
23. Cortese MM, Parashar UD; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58:1-25.
24. Le Saux N; Canadian Pediatric Society. Position statement: recommendations for the use of rotavirus vaccines in infants. September 2016. http://www.cps.ca/ (last accessed 21 April 2017).
25. Canadian Paediatric Society. Oral rehydration therapy and early refeeding in the management of childhood gastroenteritis. Paediatr Child Health. 2006;11:527-531.
26. D'Agostino J. Considerations in assessing the clinical course and severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006;45:203-212.
27. King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, et al. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52:1-16.
28. Leung AK, Robson WL. Acute diarrhea in children: what to do and what not to do. Postgrad Med. 1989;86:161-164;167-174.
29. Wathen JE, MacKenzie T, Bothner JP. Usefulness of the serum electrolyte panel in the management of pediatric dehydration treated with intravenously administered fluids. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1227-1234.
30. Huicho L, Sanchez D, Contreras M, et al. Occult blood and fecal leukocytes as screening tests in childhood infectious diarrhea: an old problem revisited. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993;12:474-477.
31. Narkeviciute I, Rudzeviciene O, Vitkevic R. Significance of complete blood count in children with rotavirus and bacterial gastroenteritis. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:1515-1516.
32. Gonzalez GG, Liprandi F, Ludert JE. Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for the detection of norovirus antigen in fecal samples from children with sporadic acute gastroenteritis. J Virol Methods. 2006;136:289-291.
33. Bellemare S, Hartling L, Wiebe N, et al. Oral rehydration versus intravenous therapy for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Med. 2004;2:11.
34. Fonseca BK, Holdgate A, Craig JC. Enteral vs intravenous rehydration therapy for children with gastroenteritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:483-490.
35. Leung AK, Darling P, Auclair C. Oral rehydration therapy - a review. J R Soc Health. 1987;107:64-67.
36. Sandhu BK; European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Working Group on Acute Diarrhoea. Rationale for early feeding in childhood gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33(suppl 2):S13-S16.
37. Gregorio GV, Dans LF, Silvestre MA. Early versus delayed refeeding for children with acute diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):CD007296.
38. Brown KH, Gastanaduy AS, Saavedra JM, et al. Effects of continued oral feeding on clinical and nutritional outcomes of acute diarrhea in children. J Pediatr. 1988;112:191-200.
39. Sandhu BK, Isolauri E, Walker-Smith JA, et al. A multicenter study on behalf of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Working Group on Acute Diarrhoea. Early feeding in childhood gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;24:522-527.
40. Leung AK, Robson WL. In children with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis, are antiemetic medications an effective adjunct to fluid and electrolyte therapy? Part B: clinical commentary. Paediatr Child Health. 2008;13:393-394.
41. Leung AK, Robson WL. Acute gastroenteritis in children: role of anti-emetic medication for gastroenteritis-related vomiting. Paediatr Drugs. 2007;9:175-184.
42. Leung AK, Robson WL. In children with vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis, are anti-emetic medications an effective adjunct to fluid and electrolyte therapy? Part A: evidence-based answer and summary. Paediatr Child Health. 2008;13:391-394.
43. Fedorowicz Z, Jagannath VA, Carter B. Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(9):CD005506.
44. Carter B, Fedorowicz Z. Antiemetic treatment for acute gastroenteritis in children: an updated Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis and mixed treatment comparison in a Bayesian framework. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e000622.
45. Neville KA, Verge CF, O'Meara MW, et al. High antidiuretic hormone levels and hyponatremia in children with gastroenteritis. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1401-1407.
46. Te Loo DM, van der Graaf F, Ten WT. The effect of flavoring oral rehydration solution on its composition and palatability. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39:545-548.
47. Green SD. Treatment of moderate and severe dehydration by nasogastric drip. Trop Doct. 1987;17:86-88.
48. Nager AL, Wang VJ. Comparison of nasogastric and intravenous methods of rehydration in pediatric patients with acute dehydration. Pediatrics. 2002;109:566-572.
49. Sharifi J, Ghavami F, Nowrouzi Z, et al. Oral versus intravenous rehydration therapy in severe gastroenteritis. Arch Dis Child. 1985;60:856-860.
50. Hartling L, Bellemare S, Wiebe N, et al. Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD004390.
51. Bernaola Aponte G, Bada Mancilla CA, Carreazo Pariasca NY, et al. Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD007401.
52. Floch MH, Walker WA, Madsen K, et al. Recommendations for probiotic use - 2011 update. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(suppl):168-171.
53. Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, et al. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet. 1994;344:1046-1049.
54. Szajewska H, Skorka A, Ruszczynski M, et al. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:871-881.
55. Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, et al. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003048.
56. Riaz M, Alam S, Malik A, et al. Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii in acute childhood diarrhea: a double blind randomised controlled trial. Indian J Pediatr. 2012;79:478-482.
57. Salari P, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. A meta-analysis and systematic review on the effect of probiotics in acute diarrhea. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2012;11:3-14.
58. Feizizadeh S, Salehi-Abargouei A, Akbari V. Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii for acute diarrhea. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e176-e191.
59. Van Niel CW, Feudtner C, Garrison MM, et al. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2002;109:678-684.
60. Salvatore S, Hauser B, Devreker T, et al. Probiotics and zinc in acute infectious gastroenteritis in children: are they effective? Nutrition. 2007;23:498-506.
61. Freedman SB. Acute infectious pediatric gastroenteritis: beyond oral rehydration therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8:1651-1665.
62. Lazzerini M, Wanzira H. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(12):CD005436.
63. Haider BA, Bhutta ZA. The effect of therapeutic zinc supplementation among young children with selected infections: a review of the evidence. Food Nutr Bull. 2009;30(1 Suppl):S41-S59.
64. Fischer Walker CL, Black RE. Zinc for the treatment of diarrhoea: effect on diarrhoea morbidity, mortality and incidence of future episodes. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(suppl 1):i63-i69.
65. Patel AB, Dhande LA, Rawat MS. Therapeutic evaluation of zinc and copper supplementation in acute diarrhea in children: double blind randomized trial. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:433-442.
66. Bahl R, Bhandari N, Saksena M, et al. Efficacy of zinc-fortified oral rehydration solution in 6- to 35-month-old children with acute diarrhea. J Pediatr. 2002;141:677-682.
67. Bhatnager S, Bahl R, Sharma PK, et al. Zinc with oral rehydration therapy reduces stool output and duration of diarrhea in hospitalized children: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38:34-40.
68. WHO/UNICEF joint statement. Clinical management of acute diarrhoea. May 2004. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 21 April 2017).
69. Lehert P, Chéron G, Calatayud GA, et al. Racecadotril for childhood gastroenteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43:707-713.
70. Dennehy PH. Acute diarrheal disease in children: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005;19:585-602.
71. McConnochie KM, Conners GP, Lu E, et al. How commonly are children hospitalized for dehydration eligible for care in alternative settings? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:1233-1241.
72. Reid SR, Losek JD. Hypoglycemia complicating dehydration in children with acute gastroenteritis. J Emerg Med. 2005;29:141-145.
73. Blutt SE, Kirkwood CD, Parreno V, et al. Rotavirus antigenaemia and viraemia: a common event? Lancet. 2003;362:1445-1449.
74. Gilger MA, Matson DO, Conner ME, et al. Extraintestinal rotavirus infections in children with immunodeficiency. J Pediatr. 1992;120:912-917.
75. Lowenthal A, Livni G, Amir J, et al. Secondary bacteremia after rotavirus gastroenteritis in infancy. Pediatrics. 2006;117:224-226.
76. Morooka K. Convulsions and mild diarrhea. Shonika (Tokyo). 1982;35:2855-2859.
77. Ben-Ami T, Sinai L, Granot E. Afebrile seizures and rotavirus gastroenteritis: an infrequently recognized association. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007;46:178-180.
78. Iyadurai S, Troester M, Harmala J, et al. Benign afebrile seizures in acute gastroenteritis: is rotavirus the culprit? J Child Neurol. 2007;22:887-890.
79. Leung AK. Breastfeeding. In: Leung AK, ed. Common problems in ambulatory pediatrics: anticipatory guidance and behavioral pediatrics. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2011:1-14.
80. Leung AK, Robson WL. Breastfeeding. In: Carter LV, ed. Child nutrition research advances. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2007.
81. Lamberti LM, Fischer Walker CL, Noiman A, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(suppl 3):S15.
82. Eidelman AI. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk: an analysis of the American Academy of Pediatrics 2012 breastfeeding policy statement. Breastfeed Med. 2012;7:323-324.
83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Birth-18 years & "catch-up" immunization schedules - United States, 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/ (last accessed 21 April 2017).
84. Munos MK, Fischer Walker CL, Black RE. The effect of rotavirus vaccine on diarrhoea mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(suppl 1):i56-i62.
85. Soares-Weiser K, Goldberg E, Tamimi G. Rotavirus vaccine for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD002848.
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台