应谨慎使用阿司匹林和其他非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID),对于 60 岁以上以及正在使用皮质类固醇的人,尤其如此。对于因冠状动脉病变而长期服用阿司匹林的患者,同时使用质子泵抑制剂 (proton-pump inhibitor, PPI) 可能降低发生胃肠道并发症的风险。[16]Scheiman JM, Devereaux PJ, Herlitz J, et al. Prevention of peptic ulcers with esomeprazole in patients at risk of ulcer development treated with low-dose acetylsalicylic acid: a randomised, controlled trial (OBERON). Heart. 2011 May;97(10):797-802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088470/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415072?tool=bestpractice.com
PPI 能预防需要 NSAID 治疗的患者发生消化性溃疡和并发症。[17]Yang M, He M, Zhao M, et al. Proton pump inhibitors for preventing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced gastrointestinal toxicity: a systematic review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017 Jan 25;33(6):973-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28076696?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,指南建议在开始长期使用非甾体抗炎药治疗之前,应考虑检测和治疗幽门螺杆菌感染。[18]Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar;104(3):728-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240698?tool=bestpractice.com
对于长期使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 治疗的患者,米索前列醇(一种前列腺素 E1 类似物)被用于预防消化道溃疡。然而,PPI 治疗可能更有效, [
]Do misoprostol, H2-receptor antagonists, or proton pump inhibitors used for at least 12 weeks prevent upper gastrointestinal ulcers in patients requiring chronic NSAID use?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.430/full显示答案 并且对米索前列醇的依从性可能受到胃肠道不良反应的影响,包括腹部绞痛和腹泻。
对于接受加强治疗的患者,预防性使用 PPI 是合适的,特别是对于需要机械通气或有凝血障碍的患者。[15]Cash BD. Evidence-based medicine as it applies to acid suppression in the hospitalized patient. Crit Care Med. 2002 Jun;30(suppl 6):S373-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12072665?tool=bestpractice.com一些 meta 分析发现,在预防重症患者发生具有临床意义的消化道出血方面,质子泵抑制剂优于 H2 受体拮抗剂。[19]Alshamsi F, Belley-Cote E, Cook D, et al. Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care. 2016 May 4;20(1):120.www.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1305-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27142116?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Alhazzani W, Alshamsi F, Belley-Cote E, et al. Efficacy and safety of stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Dec 4;44(1):1-11.www.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-5005-8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29199388?tool=bestpractice.com来自一项双盲随机试验的证据显示,对于正在服用小剂量阿司匹林的患者,质子泵抑制剂与 H2 受体拮抗剂在降低上消化道出血或溃疡方面具有相似的有效性。[21]Chan FK, Kyaw M, Tanigawa T, et al. Similar efficacy of proton-pump inhibitors vs H2-receptor antagonists in reducing risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcers in high-risk users of low-dose aspirin. Gastroenterology. 2016 Sep 15;152(1):105-10.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27641510?tool=bestpractice.com