背景
每年约有7%的轻度食管胃底静脉曲张患者发展至重度,病情进展的主要相关因素包括失代偿性肝硬化(Child-Pugh B/C级)、酒精性肝硬化、内镜发现红痕征(定义为沿曲张静脉长轴表面分布的鞭痕样标记)。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, et al. Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2003;38:266-272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586291?tool=bestpractice.com
依据曲张静脉的大小、内镜下的标记和血清肝功能检查,制订了更多详细的食管胃底静脉曲张破裂极高出血风险的分类系统。[3]North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:983-989.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3262200?tool=bestpractice.com[28]The general rules for recording endoscopic findings of esophageal varices. Jpn J Surg. 1980;10:84-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7373958?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Reliability of endoscopy in the assessment of variceal features. The Italian Liver Cirrhosis Project. J Hepatol. 1987;4:93-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3494762?tool=bestpractice.com
食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血最重要的预测因素是曲张静脉的大小,伴有粗大曲张静脉的患者存在极高的出血风险,发生率为每年15%。[3]North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:983-989.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3262200?tool=bestpractice.com失代偿性肝硬化(Child-Pugh B/C)和内镜下的红痕征也是食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的其他重要预测因素。[3]North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:983-989.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3262200?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com
Child-Pugh分级反映了肝硬化的严重程度[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com
Child-Pugh分级依据肝脏疾病的5项临床指标进行计分。每项指标计1~3分,3分表示最严重的情况。具体指标计分如下:
肝性脑病
无:1分
1 至 2 级:2 分
3~4期肝性脑病:3分
腹水
胆红素(mg/dL)
<2(34.2 μmol/L):1分
2~3(34.2~51.3 μmol/L):2分
>3(51.3 μmol/L):3分
白蛋白(g/dL)
>3.5(35 g/L):1分
2.8~3.5(28~35 g/L):2分
<2.8(28 g/L):3分
INR
根据上述评分方法将慢性肝病分为Child-PughA-C级:
北意大利内镜协会关于食管胃底静脉曲张的研究和治疗[3]North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:983-989.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3262200?tool=bestpractice.com
依据曲张静脉大小、红痕征(沿曲张静脉长轴表面分布的鞭痕样标记)的严重程度和Child-Pugh分级进行分类
曲张静脉的大小
红痕征
Child-Pugh分级
依据这个分类方法来计算每位患者个体特征的累计积分,以此来确定食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的风险等级。
曲张静脉的大小
细小(<食管内径的1/4)
中等(介于食管内径的1/4~1/2)
粗大(>食管内径的1/2)
红痕征
无 3.2分
轻度 6.4分
中度 9.6分
重度 12.8分
Child-Pugh分级
依据北意大利内镜协会得分进行风险等级划分如下:(风险等级;得分;1年内出血率(%))
1级出血风险(<20分;1.6%)
2 级出血风险(20-25 分;11%)
3 级出血风险(25.1-30 分;14.8%)
4 级出血风险(30.1-35 分;23.3%)
5级出血风险(35.1~40分;37.8%)
6级出血风险(>40;68.9%)。