急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者发生再出血的风险很高。除非已进行了分流术,否则一旦控制住出血,就应该应用非选择性β受体阻滞剂来降低静脉曲张再出血的风险。临床和血流动力学研究指出,卡维地洛可能成为是非选择性β受体阻滞剂的有效替代者。[37]Tripathi D, Hayes PC. The role of carvedilol in the management of portal hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22:905-911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093937?tool=bestpractice.com内镜下治疗应每2~3周重复一次,直到曲张静脉被完全根除。之后应于第3个月、6个月后进行内镜监测计划,以后每年1次。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com当前可考虑的预防再出血的最佳选项是药物治疗联合内镜套扎疗法,[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com但仍需开展进一步的研究。[70]Cheung J, Zeman M, van Zanten SV, Tandon P. Systematic review: secondary prevention with band ligation, pharmacotherapy or combination therapy after bleeding from oesophageal varices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:577-588.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04075.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19558563?tool=bestpractice.com
联合治疗失败的患者,一旦再次出血,应考虑进行经颈静脉经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(TIPS),[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com对于非急性出血的代偿性肝病患者,远端脾肾静脉分流术可代替肝内门体静脉分流术。[63]Henderson JM, Boyer TD, Kutner MH, et al. Distal splenorenal shunt versus transjugular intrahepatic portal systematic shunt for variceal bleeding: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1643-1651.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16697728?tool=bestpractice.com难治性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的控制:中级别证据证明发生胃肠道出血的肝硬化患者,经颈静脉的肝内门体静脉分流术和远端脾肾静脉分流术都能同样有效控制难治性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血。[63]Henderson JM, Boyer TD, Kutner MH, et al. Distal splenorenal shunt versus transjugular intrahepatic portal systematic shunt for variceal bleeding: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1643-1651.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16697728?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。