食管胃底静脉曲张现行的治疗措施主要为降低肝静脉压力梯度,或内镜下套扎曲张血管或注射硬化剂。治疗方式的选择主要依据患者的危险等级。
无食管胃底静脉曲张肝硬化患者的一级预防
对于无食管胃底静脉曲张的肝硬化患者,目前无推荐治疗。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis: a new view of an old problem. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:2109-2117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26192141?tool=bestpractice.com食管胃底静脉曲张的预防:高质量证据证明非选择性肝硬化和门静脉高压症患者应用β受体阻滞剂不能降低食管胃底静脉曲张的发生率和出血率,并与不良事件数目的增加有关。[32]Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, et al; Portal Hypertension Study Group. Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2254-2261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16306522?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。食管胃底静脉曲张的每年发生率为7%,需要每 2 年(致病因素未去除)至 3 年(致病因素已去除)进行一次内窥镜监测,以检测静脉曲张的发生;如果有肝脏失代偿的证据,则应每年监测一次。[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com
无出血史,无红痕征,且血清肝功能检查为Child-Pugh A级的食管胃底静脉曲张细小的患者的一级预防
此类患者发生食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的风险每年不足5%。虽然无特殊推荐建议,但是非选择性β受体阻滞剂可能延迟食管胃底静脉曲张和破裂出血的发生。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.com预防食管胃底静脉曲张进展和发生破裂出血:中级别证据证明代偿性肝硬化和细小食管胃底静脉曲张患者使用β受体阻滞剂可降低静脉曲张的扩张并减少出血。[34]Merkel C, Marin R, Angeli P, et al. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:476-484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15300580?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。未服用 β 受体阻滞剂的患者,如果致病因素未去除,需要每年复查内窥镜,以检测是否存在曲张静脉进展或红痕征,如果致病因素已去除,则每 2 年复查一次。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:823-832.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200386?tool=bestpractice.com[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.com服用 β 受体阻滞剂的患者不应当重复内镜检查。
存在红痕征、血清肝功能检查为Child-Pugh B或C级,而无出血史的食管胃底静脉曲张细小的患者的一级预防
此类患者发生食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的风险每年接近15%,其出血风险接近于无其他出血风险因素的重度食管胃底静脉曲张患者。推荐使用非选择性β受体阻滞剂。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:823-832.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200386?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.com非选择性 β 受体阻滞剂(如普萘洛尔、纳多洛尔)的剂量应调整到最大可耐受剂量。卡维地洛(一种非选择性 β 受体阻滞剂/α 肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂)也是有效的。[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com一项随机对照临床试验发现,在晚期肝硬化患者中,卡维地洛比普萘洛尔更有效,但在其他患者中,不具有明确优势。[36]Kim SG, Kim TY, Sohn JH, et al. A randomized, multi-center, open-label study to evaluate the efficacy of carvedilol vs. propranolol to reduce portal pressure in patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:1582-1590.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575713?tool=bestpractice.com
无出血史,无红痕征,且血清肝功能检查为Child-Pugh A级的食管胃底静脉曲张达到中等或粗大患者的一级预防
此类患者发生食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的风险每年接近15%,这类中等或粗大的曲张静脉患者的出血风险并不是最高的,推荐使用非选择性β受体阻滞剂(如普萘洛尔、纳多洛尔),或非选择性β/α肾上腺素受体阻滞剂(如卡维地洛),对于存在禁忌证,或对β受体阻滞剂不耐受,或依从性差的患者,则应考虑进行内镜下曲张静脉套扎(endoscopic variceal ligation, EVL)。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:823-832.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200386?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Tripathi D, Hayes PC. The role of carvedilol in the management of portal hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22:905-911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093937?tool=bestpractice.com有效的最优β受体阻滞剂可使肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)下降至12 mmHg或比基线水平下降20%,这可以实质上消除了出血风险并显著提高了生存率。[38]D'Amico G, Garcia-Pagan JC, Luca A, et al. Hepatic vein pressure gradient reduction and prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1611-1624.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17101332?tool=bestpractice.com当达到这一治疗目标时,无需进行其他治疗,但仍需进一步研究来证实。
无出血史,存在红痕征,血清肝功能检查为Child-Pugh B/C级的中等或粗大食管胃底静脉曲张患者的一级预防
此类患者发生食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的风险最高(每年15-30%),非选择性β受体阻滞剂(如普萘洛尔或纳多洛尔)或卡维地洛(一种非选择性β受体和α1受体阻滞剂),[37]Tripathi D, Hayes PC. The role of carvedilol in the management of portal hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22:905-911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093937?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Tripathi D, Ferguson JW, Kochar N, et al. Randomized controlled trial of carvedilol versus variceal band ligation for the prevention of the first variceal bleed. Hepatology. 2009;50:825-833.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23045/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19610055?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Shah HA, Azam Z, Rauf J, et al. Carvedilol vs. esophageal variceal band ligation in the primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2014;60:757-764.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291366?tool=bestpractice.com或内镜下曲张静脉套扎(EVL)被推荐以预防首次曲张静脉破裂出血。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:823-832.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200386?tool=bestpractice.com[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Gluud LL, Krag A. Banding ligation versus beta-blockers for primary prevention in oesophageal varices in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(8):CD004544.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004544.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895942?tool=bestpractice.com
专家共识认为非选择性β受体阻滞剂和内镜套扎法都可有效预防食管胃底静脉曲张首次发生破裂出血,因此应依据患者特征、当地资源、偏好和专长进行选择。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com在选择治疗时,要考虑到非选择性 β 受体阻滞剂除了预防静脉曲张出血外,还有其他有益作用,例如减少细菌移位和降低自发性细菌性腹膜炎、难治性腹水、肝肾综合征和死亡的风险。[42]Senzolo M, Cholongitas E, Burra P, et al. Beta-Blockers protect against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2009;29:1189-1193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19508620?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Krag A, Wiest R, Albillos A, et al. The window hypothesis: haemodynamic and non-haemodynamic effects of β-blockers improve survival of patients with cirrhosis during a window in the disease. Gut. 2012;61:967-969.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22234982?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者接受内镜下套扎治疗,应每2~3周进行1次直至曲张静脉完全闭塞。之后应于第3个月、6个月后进行内镜监测计划,以后每年1次。[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com
较晚期肝功能障碍的最佳治疗方案尚不明确。尽管根据报告,非选择性 β 受体阻滞剂能增加难治性腹水患者的死亡风险,[44]Sersté T, Melot C, Francoz C, et al. Deleterious effects of beta-blockers on survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Hepatology. 2010;52:1017-1022.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23775/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20583214?tool=bestpractice.com但在后续研究中未证实这一点。[45]Leithead JA, Rajoriya N, Tehami N, et al. Non-selective β-blockers are associated with improved survival in patients with ascites listed for liver transplantation. Gut. 2015;64:1111-1119.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25281417?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Bossen L, Krag A, Vilstrup H, et al. Non-selective β-blockers do not affect mortality in cirrhosis patients with ascites: Post hoc analysis of three RCTs with 1198 patients. Hepatology. 2015 Nov 24 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26599983?tool=bestpractice.com并且,肝功能差的患者发生结扎后静脉曲张出血的风险较高。因此,有人建议对于收缩压<90 mmHg、血清钠浓度<130 mEq/L 或存在急性肾损伤的难治性腹水患者,可以降低非选择性 β 受体阻滞剂的剂量,或终止治疗。[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Krag A, Wiest R, Albillos A, et al. The window hypothesis: haemodynamic and non-haemodynamic effects of β-blockers improve survival of patients with cirrhosis during a window in the disease. Gut. 2012;61:967-969.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22234982?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Ge PS, Runyon BA. When should the β-blocker window in cirrhosis close? Gastroenterology. 2014;146:1597-1599.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(14)00554-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24768679?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Mandorfer M, Bota S, Schwabl P, et al. Nonselective β blockers increase risk for hepatorenal syndrome and death in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:1680-1690.e1.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(14)00306-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24631577?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Salerno F, Cammà C, Enea M, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:825-834.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17678653?tool=bestpractice.com如果这些参数恢复至基线值,可以考虑重新开始非选择性 β 受体阻滞剂治疗;如果患者不能重新开始非选择性 β 受体阻滞剂治疗,可以考虑经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术 (TIPS)。[50]Garcia-Pagan JC, Bosch J. Endoscopic band ligation in the treatment of portal hypertension. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;2:526-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16355158?tool=bestpractice.com
肝硬化伴急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者的治疗
这些患者的死亡率为10%~20%,应关注复苏、气道的评估和外周静脉通道的建立的初步措施。输血目标应使血红蛋白含量维持在80 g/L。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com超过该阈值输血可能增加死亡率。[22]Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:11-21. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2341.http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1211801http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23281973?tool=bestpractice.com根据血红蛋白水平、血小板计数和凝血障碍水平进行容量复苏,并可以考虑可能的新鲜冰冻血浆和血小板输血。但目前没有证据证实这些血制品的使用可使患者受益。
一旦怀疑食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血,就应该开始进行药物治疗(特利加压素,生长抑素或生长抑素类似物),确诊后持续用药3~5 d,即使在内镜治疗后也应如此。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A. Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD000193.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000193.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677774?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Wells MC, Chande N, Adams P, et al. Meta-analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:1267-1278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22486630?tool=bestpractice.com内镜应在12 h内进行以确诊并治疗静脉曲张破裂出血,可以采用EVL或进行硬化疗法,但优先选择EVL。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com[53]ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Hwang JH, Shergill AK, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of variceal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;80:221-227.http://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(13)02139-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034836?tool=bestpractice.com食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的初步控制:高级别证据证明发生胃肠道出血的肝硬化患者,内镜套扎法和硬化疗法可有效初步控制静脉曲张破裂出血,但是一些证据表明内镜套扎法优于后者。[50]Garcia-Pagan JC, Bosch J. Endoscopic band ligation in the treatment of portal hypertension. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;2:526-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16355158?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。尽管血管活性药和硬化疗法同样有效,[54]D'Amico G, Pagliaro L, Pietrosi G, et al. Emergency sclerotherapy versus vasoactive drugs for bleeding oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(3):CD002233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238318?tool=bestpractice.com目前尚无将二者与 EVL 比较的研究,但已经证实血管活性药物联合 EVL 优于单独使用 EVL。因此,血管活性药联合EVL是当前的首选疗法。当药物联合内镜治疗无法控制出血时,经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流 (TIPS) 可作为补救疗法,但在高风险患者中(Child-Pugh C 级并且评分<14 或 B 级伴有内镜下活动性出血)可以考虑将 TIPS 作为择期一线疗法。[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Garcia-Pagan JC, Caca K, Bureau C, et al. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2370-2379.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573925?tool=bestpractice.com在任何阶段,在采取正式治疗之前,不可控制的出血都可以用球囊压迫法(直至24小时)进行过渡。[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com选用自膨式金属内支架(SEMS)可替代球囊压迫止血法,其可有效对食管胃底曲张静脉进行压迫并控制出血,无需内镜直视或荧光镜引导就可通过植入系统置入支架,并可在内镜下通过配套植入拆除装置取出。[56]Wright G, Lewis H, Hogan B, et al. A self-expanding metal stent for complicated variceal hemorrhage: experience at a single center. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:71-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879564?tool=bestpractice.com
推荐短时间(5~7 d)使用预防性抗生素来覆盖革兰氏阴性杆菌,因其可降低细菌感染、治疗失败、再出血和死亡的发生率。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.com因为根据报告,对于发生静脉曲张出血的 Child-Pugh A 级患者,其感染风险显著低于 Child-Pugh B 级或 C 级患者,所以应当通过随机对照临床试验专门评估预防性抗生素治疗对 A 级患者是否有益。[57]Tandon P, Abraldes JG, Keough A, et al. Risk of bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal hemorrhage, based on Child-Pugh class, and effects of antibiotics. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1189-1196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25460564?tool=bestpractice.com抗生素的选择应依据微生物的种类,并参考当地肝脏中心的实践和微生物流行病学及耐药模式。[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com指南推荐使用诺氟沙星,但环丙沙星和头孢曲松也在一些研究中获得成功治疗。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Fernández J, Ruiz del Arbol L, Gómez C, et al. Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1049-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030175?tool=bestpractice.com
二级预防:预防食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血复发
1年内的再出血率是60%。食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血二次预防的最佳选择是非选择性β受体阻滞剂联用内镜套扎法。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[27]de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015;63:743-752.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2815%2900349-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047908?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015;64:1680-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4680175/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Thiele M, Krag A, Rohde U, et al. Meta-analysis: banding ligation and medical interventions for the prevention of rebleeding from oesophageal varices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:1155-1165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22449261?tool=bestpractice.com尽管一项随机对照试验提示没有充分科学证据支持该结论。[60]Lo GH, Chen WC, Chan HH, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of banding ligation plus drug therapy versus drug therapy alone in the prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:982-987.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19638080?tool=bestpractice.com一项 meta 分析发现,在 β 受体阻滞剂加单硝酸异山梨酯疗法基础上添加内镜套扎可使再出血率发生非显著性下降,而对死亡率没有影响,β 受体阻滞剂加单硝酸异山梨酯疗法可以作为内镜套扎加 β 受体阻滞剂疗法的替代选择。[61]Puente A, Hernández-Gea V, Graupera I, et al. Drugs plus ligation to prevent rebleeding in cirrhosis: an updated systematic review. Liver Int. 2014;34:823-833.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/liv.12452/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24373180?tool=bestpractice.com并且,一项随机对照临床试验显示,与普萘洛尔加单硝酸异山梨酯相比,小直径经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术 (TIPS) 可显著减少再出血(在血流动力学无应答者中,可降低内镜下静脉曲张出血的发生);[62]Sauerbruch T, Mengel M, Dollinger M, et al. Prevention of rebleeding from esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis receiving small-diameter stents versus hemodynamically controlled medical therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:660-668.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2815%2900683-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25989386?tool=bestpractice.com需要开展进一步的研究。如果在急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血时进行了肝内门体静脉分流术,则不需要进一步治疗。非选择性β受体阻滞剂的治疗应该调整至可耐受的最大剂量。重复内镜治疗应每2~3周进行一次,直至曲张静脉被完全根除。之后应于第3个月、6个月后进行内镜监测计划,以后每年1次。[4]Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879356?tool=bestpractice.com[33]de Franchis R; Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810005647/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20638742?tool=bestpractice.comβ受体阻滞剂治疗的最佳疗效是使肝静脉压力梯度下降至12 mmHg,或使其较基线水平下降20%,这样就可显著降低出血风险并提高生存率。[38]D'Amico G, Garcia-Pagan JC, Luca A, et al. Hepatic vein pressure gradient reduction and prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1611-1624.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17101332?tool=bestpractice.com当达到这一治疗目标时,无需进行其他治疗,但仍需进一步研究来证实。临床和血流动力学研究指出卡维地洛可替代非选择性β受体阻滞剂,用于二级预防。[37]Tripathi D, Hayes PC. The role of carvedilol in the management of portal hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22:905-911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093937?tool=bestpractice.com
当患者联合治疗失败且再次发生食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血时,应考虑肝内门体静脉分流术。对于非急性出血的代偿性肝病患者,远端脾肾静脉分流术可代替肝内门体静脉分流术。[63]Henderson JM, Boyer TD, Kutner MH, et al. Distal splenorenal shunt versus transjugular intrahepatic portal systematic shunt for variceal bleeding: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1643-1651.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16697728?tool=bestpractice.com难治性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的控制:中级别证据证明发生胃肠道出血的肝硬化患者,经颈静脉的肝内门体静脉分流术和远端脾肾静脉分流术都能同样有效控制难治性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血。[63]Henderson JM, Boyer TD, Kutner MH, et al. Distal splenorenal shunt versus transjugular intrahepatic portal systematic shunt for variceal bleeding: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1643-1651.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16697728?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。