非持续性室性心动过速是一种可以自行终止的事件,因此通常不需要特殊治疗。治疗更多是针对基础心脏疾病。有基础心脏病的患者由于死亡风险增加,可能需要更积极的治疗方案。相反,那些没有相关心脏疾患的人群被证实死亡率并不升高,因此,通常需要对心脏疾患进行进一步确认。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 非持续性宽QRS波心动过速的评估由贡献者提供 [Citation ends].
为了预防心肌梗死和左心室功能不全,需要控制冠心病的危险因素。在实施进一步侵入性操作前,如植入装置等,应当根据患者情况进行必要的药物治疗。还应当指出的是,尽管关于植入型心律转复除颤器 (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ICD) 的治疗使用在国际间存在差异,但已由美国和欧洲心脏病学专家组共同制定关于预防由室性心律失常导致心源性猝死的指南。[24]Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2006;114:e385-e484.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/114/10/e385.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16935995?tool=bestpractice.com
有症状的非持续性室性心动过速
有极少数无心脏疾患的NSVT患者出现症状,可能需要药物治疗和导管消融术。药物治疗时的一线用药包括鈣受体阻滞剂或钙离子拮抗剂(一般鈣受体阻滞剂存在应用禁忌时,例如哮喘)。当药物治疗心律失常无效时,首选导管消融术。若鈣受体阻滞剂和/或钙通道阻滞剂的治疗无效,且患者不适合接受导管消融术或消融术无效时,可以使用氟卡尼和普罗帕酮治疗。
电解质紊乱
无论是否存在心脏病,电解质紊乱,最常见的是低钾血症、高钾血症和低镁血症,均可能诱发非持续性室性心动过速。因此电解质紊乱必须有效纠正。
心肌梗死后
早期再灌注可降低急性心肌梗死后 NSVT 的总患病率。[8]Maggioni AP, Zuanetti G, Franzosi MG, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction in the fibrinolytic era. Circulation. 1993;87:312-322.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/87/2/312http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8093865?tool=bestpractice.com优化的药物疗法包括β-受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、抗血小板治疗和他汀类药物,能减少急性心肌梗死后心源性猝死的风险。[33]Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349-1357.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/339/19/1349http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841303?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Levantesi G, Scarano M, Marfisi R, et al. Metaanalysis of effect of statin treatment on risk of sudden death. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:1644-1650.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18036362?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Norwegian Multicenter Study Group. Timolol-induced reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:801-807.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7010157?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial Research Group. A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction. I: mortality results. JAMA. 1982;247:1707-1714.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7038157?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Makikallio TH, Barthel P, Schneider R, et al. Frequency of sudden cardiac death among acute myocardial infarction survivors with optimized medical and revascularization therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:480-484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16461041?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309-1321.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa030207#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12668699?tool=bestpractice.com[39]He XZ, Zhou SH, Wan XH, et al. The effect of early and intensive statin therapy on ventricular premature beat or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Cardiol. 2011;34:59-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21259280?tool=bestpractice.com除此之外,ω- 3脂肪酸可以作为辅助治疗。[40]Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet. 1989;2:757-761.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2571009?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'infarto Miocardico. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 1999;354:447-455.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10465168?tool=bestpractice.com在心肌梗死后出现有症状的非持续性室性心动过速的患者,应用胺碘酮可有效降低心脏性猝死的风险。[42]Cairns JA, Connolly SJ, Roberts R, et al. Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarisations: CAMIAT. Lancet. 1997;349:675-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9078198?tool=bestpractice.com心源性猝死:高质量的证据证实,心肌梗死后出现心室异位搏动的患者中,应用胺碘酮能降低心源性猝死的发生率,但并不降低总死亡率。[42]Cairns JA, Connolly SJ, Roberts R, et al. Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarisations: CAMIAT. Lancet. 1997;349:675-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9078198?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 但是,一些随机试验发现,胺碘酮不能改善临床结果。除此之外,胺碘酮的许多副作用限制其在许多临床情况下的应用;因此胺碘酮的应用并不广泛。
可以改变的危险因素(如肥胖和抽烟)也需要通过周密计划的锻炼、饮食和减肥计划得以解决,从而进一步降低心源性猝死的发生率。[43]Kannel WB, Thomas HE Jr. Sudden coronary death. the Framingham Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;382:3-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7044245?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004;116:682-692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15121495?tool=bestpractice.com心源性猝死:中等质量的证据证实,改善危险因素能够降低心肌梗死后心源性猝死的发生率。[43]Kannel WB, Thomas HE Jr. Sudden coronary death. the Framingham Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;382:3-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7044245?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004;116:682-692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15121495?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
推荐在心肌梗死后出现 NSVT、射血分数 (EF) 为 40% 或以下且在电生理检查中可诱发室性心律失常的患者中应用 ICD。[45]Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary. Circulation. 2008;117:e350-e408.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/117/21/e350http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483207?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐早期常规植入 ICD。[46]Steinbeck G, Andresen D, Seidl K, et al; IRIS Investigators. Defibrillator implantation early after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1427-1436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812399?tool=bestpractice.com
心肌梗死后心力衰竭
在心力衰竭患者中应用以下药物,如β受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和醛固酮受体拮抗剂,可以降低总死亡率和心脏性猝死率。[38]Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309-1321.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa030207#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12668699?tool=bestpractice.com[47]SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:293-302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2057034?tool=bestpractice.com[48]CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353:9-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023943?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Wei J, Ni J, Huang D, et al. The effect of aldosterone antagonists for ventricular arrhythmia: a meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol. 2010;33:572-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20842742?tool=bestpractice.com利尿剂对死亡率没有影响,通常给予利尿剂以减轻体液过剩的症状。
对于 II/III 级心力衰竭和射血分数≤35% 的心衰患者,可推荐植入 ICD。[50]Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, et al. 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2009;119:1977-2016.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/119/14/1977http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19324967?tool=bestpractice.com在无合并症且预期寿命在2年以上的心衰患者中,植入ICD会具有额外的获益。可能减少ICD植入带来的生存获益的情况包括:慢性肾病、糖尿病、外周血管疾病、和尿素氮升高[9.6到17.9mmol/ L(27-50 mg / dL)]。值得注意的是,是否植入 ICD 要取决于心脏功能和症状,而并非是否出现 NSVT。[45]Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary. Circulation. 2008;117:e350-e408.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/117/21/e350http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483207?tool=bestpractice.com
对于一些心衰患者,特别是那些存在心源性猝死风险和左室收缩功能紊乱的患者,可使用心脏再同步治疗 (cardiac resynchronisation therapy, CRT) 设备,通常与 ICD (CRT-D) 联用。[51]Ketha S, Kusumoto F. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in 2015: lessons learned. Cardiovasc Innov Applications. 2015;1:93-106http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cscript/cvia/2015/00000001/00000001/art00012CRT 设备旨在通过提供更多的左心室协调收缩来改善心脏功能。然而,频繁发作的 NSVT 或频发室性早搏会干扰设备的正常功能。
特发性或肥厚型心肌病
对于特发性心肌病合并射血分数≤35%,心功能级II/III的心衰患者,推荐植入ICD。对左心室功能良好的非持续性室性心动过速和特发性心肌病患者不推荐植入ICD。
具有以下主要心脏性猝死危险因素之一的肥厚型心肌病患者,包括心脏骤停,自发性持续性室性心动过速(VT)、原因不明的晕厥,一级亲属中有心脏性猝死家族史,室间隔厚度超过30mm,24h动态心电图监测发现NSVT,运动后低血压,需要考虑植入ICD。其他的危险因素还包括心房颤动、心肌缺血、左室流出道梗阻、高风险基因突变以及从事高强度体力活动的患者。[24]Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2006;114:e385-e484.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/114/10/e385.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16935995?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有一个确定的基因突变,但没有明显的疾病的迹象,没有心源性猝死的危险因素,仅需要密切观察,而不需要限制活动。[52]Maron BJ, Ackerman MJ, Nishimura RA, et al. Task Force 4: HCM and other cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, and Marfan syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1340-1345.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1136515http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837284?tool=bestpractice.com