布鲁氏菌病被称为“伪装大师”,因为它可酷似任何疾病,影响任何器官或系统。[1]Madkour MM. Madkour's brucellosis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001.[4]Andriopoulos P, Tsironi M, Deftereos S, et al. Acute brucellosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of 144 cases. Int J Infect Dis. 2007;11:52-57.http://www.ijidonline.com/article/PIIS1201971206000348/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16651018?tool=bestpractice.com曾经报道本病可影响生殖泌尿系统、胃肠道系统、肝胆管系统、网状内皮系统、心血管系统、肌肉骨骼系统以及中枢和周围神经系统。如果临床特征主要与一个器官系统相关,称为局限性或局灶性疾病。[60]World Health Organization. Brucellosis in humans and animals. 2006. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 26 August 2016).http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf根据临床表现,结合实验室检查,可做出诊断。疾病的最低传染剂量和潜伏期取决于感染的种属和进入身体的途径。[41]Flynn MP. Human clinical bovine-type brucellosis not derived from milk. Public Health. 1983;97:149-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6878612?tool=bestpractice.com潜伏期可能从 1 周到 7 个月不等。[65]Georghiou PR, Young EJ. Prolonged incubation in brucellosis. Lancet. 1991;337:1543.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1675387?tool=bestpractice.com
病史
通过问诊获知曾经接触过动物及其制品、食用或吸入可能受到感染的物质(例如未经巴氏法灭菌的牛奶、奶酪和其他奶制品、生肉)和/或前往疫区旅行史,是诊断布鲁氏菌病的必要条件。一定要询问前往疫区的旅行史,并且应当特别询问来自疫区的移民是否食用进口奶制品。[54]Gerada A, Beeching NJ. Brucellosis and travel. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2016;14:180-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27317845?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Norman FF, Monge-Maillo B, Chamorro-Tojeiro S, et al. Imported brucellosis: a case series and literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2016;14:182-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27185403?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Bosilkovski M, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Brucellosis and its particularities in children travelers. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2014;9:164-172.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25851430?tool=bestpractice.com还应当确定是否密切接触过感染者;在疫区,多达 50% 的病例中,家庭成员有相似症状。[17]Almuneef MA, Memish ZA, Balkhy HH, et al. Importance of screening household members of acute brucellosis cases in endemic areas. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132:533-540.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188722?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Mendoza-Núñez M, Mulder M, Franco MP, et al. Brucellosis in household members of Brucella patients residing in a large urban setting in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78:595-598.http://www.ajtmh.org/content/78/4/595.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385354?tool=bestpractice.com
职业史特别重要,因为农民、动物管理员、屠宰工人、兽医、实验室工作人员发生感染的风险高于一般人群。
症状的持续时间和类型可以帮助确定局灶性病变的部位以及指导进一步检查。发热或恶寒是最常见的症状,见于 53% 至 100% 的感染病例,如果不治疗,症状可能起伏。[4]Andriopoulos P, Tsironi M, Deftereos S, et al. Acute brucellosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of 144 cases. Int J Infect Dis. 2007;11:52-57.http://www.ijidonline.com/article/PIIS1201971206000348/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16651018?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Mantur BG, Akki AS, Mangalgi SS, et al. Childhood brucellosis - a microbiological, epidemiological and clinical study. J Trop Pediatr. 2004;50:153-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15233191?tool=bestpractice.com还常见大量出汗,尤其是在晚上。非特异性全身症状,例如嗜睡和体重减轻,极为常见,会影响多达 97% 的患者。[67]Barroso García P, Rodriguez-Contreras Pelayo R, Gil Extremera B, et al. Study of 1,595 brucellosis cases in the Almeria province (1972-1998) based on epidemiological data from disease reporting [in Spanish]. Rev Clin Esp. 2002;202:577-582.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12392643?tool=bestpractice.com
关节痛见于 20% 至 83% 的感染,尤其影响髋关节、膝关节或脊柱。[67]Barroso García P, Rodriguez-Contreras Pelayo R, Gil Extremera B, et al. Study of 1,595 brucellosis cases in the Almeria province (1972-1998) based on epidemiological data from disease reporting [in Spanish]. Rev Clin Esp. 2002;202:577-582.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12392643?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Dean AS, Crump L, Greter H, et al. Clinical manifestations of human brucellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1929.http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001929http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23236528?tool=bestpractice.com幼儿可能有行走困难,像易激惹髋。
胃肠道症状包括恶心、呕吐、腹痛、便秘、腹泻。少数患者有肺部症状,例如干咳。男性可能表现为睾丸疼痛。
尽管罕见局灶性中枢神经系统 (CNS) 受累,但经常发生轻至中度神经精神症状,包括头痛、疲劳、抑郁。
检查
90% 以上的患者体温升高。患者通常看起来很痛苦,可能有明显的抑郁,但罕见脓毒症。由于基础性贫血,他们可能面色苍白。
骨关节异常见于 40% 至 50% 的患者,包括关节肿胀和压痛、滑囊炎、关节活动度减小,罕见情况下,有关节积液。[8]Mantur BG, Amarnath SK, Shinde RS. Review of clinical and laboratory features of human brucellosis. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007;25:188-202.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901634?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Dean AS, Crump L, Greter H, et al. Clinical manifestations of human brucellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1929.http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001929http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23236528?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Franco MP, Mulder M, Gilman RH, et al. Human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:775-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045560?tool=bestpractice.com脊柱或骶髂关节可能压痛,但严重畸形不常见,如果有,更多是提示结核病。
三分之一的患者有可触及的肝大和/或脾大。[70]Colomenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, et al. Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996;75:195-211. [Erratum in: Medicine (Baltimore) 1997;76:139.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8699960?tool=bestpractice.com淋巴结肿大见于大约 10% 的成人病例,但曾经报告见于多达三分之二的布鲁氏菌病儿童。[70]Colomenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, et al. Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996;75:195-211. [Erratum in: Medicine (Baltimore) 1997;76:139.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8699960?tool=bestpractice.com5% 至 10% 的男性患者有睾丸炎,这有时是主要的临床特征。[1]Madkour MM. Madkour's brucellosis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001.
最多有 4% 的患者存在脑膜脑炎体征(例如颈项强直),可能偶尔存在与局灶性血管炎性脑损害或颅神经损伤相关的临床征象(例如局灶性神经功能障碍)。[68]Dean AS, Crump L, Greter H, et al. Clinical manifestations of human brucellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1929.http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001929http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23236528?tool=bestpractice.com长纤维束神经系统体征不常见。红眼(葡萄膜炎或结膜炎)提示累及眼部,但是罕见。
心内膜炎是一种罕见但是严重的问题(大约 1% 的患者),通常影响主动脉瓣,布鲁氏菌病 1% 至 5% 的死亡率中,有很大一部分是心内膜炎所导致。[68]Dean AS, Crump L, Greter H, et al. Clinical manifestations of human brucellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1929.http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001929http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23236528?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Uddin MJ, Sanyal SC, Mustafa AS, et al. The role of aggressive medical therapy along with early surgical intervention in the cure of Brucella endocarditis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;4:209-213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9738123?tool=bestpractice.com提示实变或积液的肺部体征不是经常发生,包括叩诊浊音、入气量减少、听诊有捻发音。[72]Pappas G, Bosilkovski M, Akritidis N, et al. Brucellosis and the respiratory system. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:e95-e99.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/7/e95.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13130417?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Erdem H, Inan A, Elaldi N, et al. Respiratory system involvement in brucellosis: the results of the Kardelen study. Chest. 2014;145:87-94.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1722749http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23907372?tool=bestpractice.com咳嗽但是胸部临床征象很少的患者更常见。
可能偶尔见到各种非特异性斑丘疹或血管炎皮疹。[74]Milionis H, Christou L, Elisaf M. Cutaneous manifestations in brucellosis: case report and review of the literature. Infection. 2000;28:124-126.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782403?tool=bestpractice.com
实验室试验
需要培养确诊本病。应当通知微生物学实验室怀疑布鲁菌病,确保安全处理布鲁氏菌种培养物。
血液培养是主要的诊断方法,因而应当是首先申请的检验。[75]Al Dahouk S, Sprague LD, Neubauer H. New developments in the diagnostic procedures for zoonotic brucellosis in humans. Rev Sci Tech. 2013;32:177-188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23837375?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 在血琼脂上长时间培养后,小的珍珠白色马尔他布鲁氏菌菌落由 Nicholas J. Beeching 博士提供;经获准使用 [Citation ends].血液培养的敏感性主要取决于既往的抗生素使用情况、疾病阶段、培养方法。[76]Gotuzzo E, Carrilo C, Guerra J, et al. An evaluation of diagnostic methods for brucellosis - the value of bone marrow culture. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:122-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3941276?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Doganay M, Aygen B. Human brucellosis: an overview. Int J Infect Dis. 2003;7:173-182.[78]Yagupsky P. Detection of brucellae in blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:3437-3442.http://jcm.asm.org/content/37/11/3437.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523530?tool=bestpractice.com使用灵敏的方法,例如溶解-离心法或专门的培养基(例如 Castañeda 培养基)以及将培养时间延长至 6 周,可提高传统培养的敏感性。现代培养系统更灵敏,通常在 1 周内出现阳性,但传代培养物的保存时间应当长达 3 周。[78]Yagupsky P. Detection of brucellae in blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:3437-3442.http://jcm.asm.org/content/37/11/3437.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523530?tool=bestpractice.com骨髓培养的阳性率高于血液培养,因为这种病原体在细胞内,局限于骨髓,因此疑难病例(例如血液培养阴性、血清学阴性、疑似布鲁氏菌病)可以考虑这种方法。[76]Gotuzzo E, Carrilo C, Guerra J, et al. An evaluation of diagnostic methods for brucellosis - the value of bone marrow culture. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:122-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3941276?tool=bestpractice.com
培养并不总是可行或获得成功,所以通常需要至少一种血清学检测,一般是凝集试验或酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA)。血清学检测一般是基于传统的(瑞氏)标准凝集试验 (SAT) 或试管凝集试验 (TAT),在某些实验室改良为微量凝集试验 (MAT),在小型 ELISA 反应板上实施。[79]Gómez MC, Nieto JA, Rosa C, et al. Evaluation of seven tests for diagnosis of human brucellosis in an area where the disease is endemic. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:1031-1033.http://cvi.asm.org/content/15/6/1031.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448622?tool=bestpractice.com所有试验都依赖于光滑型布鲁氏菌脂多糖抗原的粗制品在患者血清中与倍比稀释的抗体发生凝集。然而,这些技术缺乏标准化,众所周知,阻滞免疫球蛋白 (Ig) A 抗体会产生前带现象,从而使影响这些技术,当患者血清稀释度低时,产生假阴性结果。[1]Madkour MM. Madkour's brucellosis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001.玫瑰红凝集试验,本是为兽医学应用而开发,在某些国家用于筛查人类血清;它们的敏感性高,但需要后续的确证性检查。[80]Ruiz-Mesa JD, Sanchez-Gonzalez J, Reguera JM, et al. Rose Bengal test: diagnostic yield and use for the rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis in emergency departments in endemic areas. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11:221-225.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15715720?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Gómez MC, Nieto JA, Rosa C, et al. Evaluation of seven tests for diagnosis of human brucellosis in an area where the disease is endemic. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:1031-1033.http://cvi.asm.org/content/15/6/1031.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448622?tool=bestpractice.com多个专家组更喜欢使用本地制备的 ELISA 试验,敏感性一般较高,但特异性各不相同。[69]Franco MP, Mulder M, Gilman RH, et al. Human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:775-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045560?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Gómez MC, Nieto JA, Rosa C, et al. Evaluation of seven tests for diagnosis of human brucellosis in an area where the disease is endemic. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:1031-1033.http://cvi.asm.org/content/15/6/1031.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448622?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Araj GF, Lulu AR, Mustafa MY, et al. Evaluation of ELISA in the diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis in human beings. J Hyg (Lond). 1986;97:457-469.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3794323?tool=bestpractice.com这些方法在参考实验室中可能有用。正在开发现场检测,但需要进一步评估。[82]Abdoel TH, Smits HL. Rapid latex agglutination test for the serodiagnosis of human brucellosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;57:123-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17258083?tool=bestpractice.com
布鲁氏菌各种属之间存在明显的交叉反应,所以通过血清学进行种属诊断不可靠。所有血清学检测还与其他革兰氏阴性细菌有交叉反应,例如大肠杆菌和耶尔森菌属,还与既往的霍乱疫苗接种有交叉反应,因而能增加检测的假阳性率。[83]Nielson K, Smith P, Widdison J, et al. Serological relationship between cattle exposed to Brucella abortus, Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Vet Microbiol. 2004;100:25-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15135510?tool=bestpractice.com在疫区,由于亚临床感染,抗体的背景水平可能较高,会影响检测结果解读。[84]Ariza J, Pellicer T, Pallares R, et al. Specific antibody profile in human brucellosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:131-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1571417?tool=bestpractice.com人类感染动物活疫苗不会产生抗体反应,某些犬布鲁氏菌感染不会与传统的血清学检测发生反应。[1]Madkour MM. Madkour's brucellosis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001.[69]Franco MP, Mulder M, Gilman RH, et al. Human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:775-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045560?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Ashford DA, di Pietra J, Lingappa J, et al. Adverse events in humans associated with accidental exposure to the livestock brucellosis vaccine RB51. Vaccine. 2004;22:3435-3439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308369?tool=bestpractice.com此外,在感染后数月至数年,血清学检测仍保持易变的阳性,用于诊断再感染或复发可能不可靠。
分子检测,例如多聚酶链反应 (PCR),应当比培养迅速,报告的敏感性达到 100%,特异性为 98.3%。[86]Queipo-Ortuño MI, Morata P, Ocón P, et al. Rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis by peripheral-blood PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:2927-2930.http://jcm.asm.org/content/35/11/2927.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9350761?tool=bestpractice.com在复发或再感染患者中,PCR 可能特别有用。该方法曾经用于临床试验,监测受治患者的进程,评估疾病复发。[87]Mitka S, Anetakis C, Souliou E, et al. Evaluation of different PCR assays for early detection of acute and relapsing brucellosis in humans in comparison with conventional methods. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:1211-1218.http://jcm.asm.org/content/45/4/1211.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17267626?tool=bestpractice.com然而,PCR 方法仍没有标准化,易受到污染,在某些情况下会产生矛盾结果,长时间存在阳性反应,因而它们的潜力尚未完全实现。[88]Vrioni G, Pappas G, Priavali E, et al. An eternal microbe: Brucella DNA load persists for years after clinical cure. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:e131-e136.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/12/e131.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462106?tool=bestpractice.com
越来越多的证据支持基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱 (MALDI-TOF-MS) 用于快速分析和鉴别血液和纯培养物中的布鲁氏菌种;然而,这仍被视为一种新兴检测方法。[89]Lista F, Reubsaet FA, De Santis R, et al. Reliable identification at the species level of Brucella isolates with MALDI-TOF-MS. BMC Microbiol. 2011;11:267.http://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2180-11-267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192890?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Ferreira L, Vega Castaño S, Sánchez-Juanes F, et al. Identification of Brucella by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: fast and reliable identification from agar plates and blood cultures. PLoS One. 2010;5:e14235.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014235http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21151913?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Karger A, Melzer F, Timke M, et al. Interlaboratory comparison of intact-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry results for identification and differentiation of Brucella spp. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:3123-3126.http://jcm.asm.org/content/51/9/3123.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850950?tool=bestpractice.com
可以对临床上累及的器官和组织活检,尤其是淋巴结和肝脏,偶尔对滑膜活检。这样做有部分目的是为了获得用于培养的材料,以便排除结核病 (TB)。组织学通常显示非干酪性肉芽肿,但可能难以与在如结核等疾病中发现的干酪性肉芽肿区别。
如果患者有神经系统体征和症状,应当通过腰椎穿刺术检查脑脊液 (CSF),排除脑膜脑炎。结果通常显示以淋巴细胞为主;培养结果罕见阳性,但使用自动培养系统可以改善;CSF 血清学检验难以解读,但 SAT 通常为阳性。[1]Madkour MM. Madkour's brucellosis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001.[92]Araj GF, Lulu AR, Khateeb MI, et al. ELISA versus routine tests in the diagnosis of patients with systemic and neurobrucellosis. APMIS. 1988;96:171-176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3345262?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Erdem H, Kilic S, Sener B, et al. Diagnosis of chronic brucellar meningitis and meningoencephalitis: the results of the Istanbul-2 study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:E80-E86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23210984?tool=bestpractice.com在所有关节积液患者中需要通过抽吸术实施滑液分析,显示的细胞学改变与 TB 相似。与 CSF 一样,如果怀疑布鲁氏菌病,应当培养滑液。[94]Yagupsky P, Peled N. Use of the Isolator 1.5 microbial tube for detection of Brucella melitensis in synovial fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3878.http://jcm.asm.org/content/40/10/3878.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12354908?tool=bestpractice.com
应当为所有患者申请常规的全血细胞计数检测;它可以提供非特异性线索,因为贫血和/或血小板减少症见于 30% 至 75% 的受感染患者。[95]Kokoglu OF, Hosoglu S, Geyik MF, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of brucellosis in two university hospitals in Southeast Turkey. Trop Doct. 2006;36:49-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483439?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Troy SB, Rickman LS, Davis CE. Brucellosis in San Diego: epidemiology and species-related differences in acute clinical presentations. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84:174-187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879907?tool=bestpractice.com此外,分别在 22% 和 7% 的患者中发现白细胞减少和白细胞增多。[95]Kokoglu OF, Hosoglu S, Geyik MF, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of brucellosis in two university hospitals in Southeast Turkey. Trop Doct. 2006;36:49-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483439?tool=bestpractice.com常规的肝功能检查对所有患者也是必需的;结果通常受到干扰,氨基转移酶轻度升高。[1]Madkour MM. Madkour's brucellosis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001.[69]Franco MP, Mulder M, Gilman RH, et al. Human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:775-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045560?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查
影像学检查主要起辅助作用,并不是所有患者都需要。中轴骨骼和外周关节的 X 线平片改变发生在疾病后期,一般包括受累关节附近的轻度侵蚀、与受累关节相邻的骨中度硬化、轻度关节破坏或关节间隙变窄。[1]Madkour MM. Madkour's brucellosis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001.骨扫描很灵敏,可能显示亚临床关节感染。[97]Al-Shahed MS, Sharif HS, Haddad MC, et al. Imaging features of musculoskeletal brucellosis. Radiographics. 1994;14:333-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8190957?tool=bestpractice.com这项检查在疾病早期可能有用,此时在 X 线平片上一般看不到异常,有肌肉骨骼表现的患者,应当考虑这项检查。并且,骨扫描有助于区分髋关节受累与骶髂关节炎。[98]Pourbagher A, Pourbagher MA, Savas L, et al. Epidemiologic, clinical, and imaging findings in brucellosis patients with osteoarticular involvement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:873-880.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.05.1088http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16985128?tool=bestpractice.com
胸部 X 线结果一般正常,但可能显示实变或胸腔积液;对于存在肺部体征或症状的患者,通常要申请这些检查。
脊柱的计算机断层扫描 (CT),尤其是磁共振成像 (MRI) 扫描有助于确定脊柱和脊柱旁组织的感染界限。此外,在罕见的 CNS 感染病例中,头部 CT 或 MRI 可能显示颅内积液、钙化或脑积水。