没有针对布鲁氏菌种属的人类疫苗。因此,预防疾病的主要方式是避免或控制动物感染,从而降低人类感染的风险。动物接种疫苗被认为是实现这个目标的最有效方法。[13]Godfroid J, Cloeckaert A, Liautard JP, et al. From the discovery of the Malta fever's agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis. Vet Res. 2005;36:313-326.http://www.vetres.org/articles/vetres/pdf/2005/03/v4056.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845228?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Zinsstag J, Schelling S, Wyss K, et al. Potential of cooperation between human and animal health to strengthen health systems. Lancet. 2005;366:2142-2145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16360795?tool=bestpractice.com现有疫苗具有高度免疫原性,可以保护动物多年。另外,检测和屠宰已感染的动物,可将它们及其已污染的产品从食物链中消除,从而降低人类感染的风险。[1]Madkour MM. Madkour's brucellosis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001.[60]World Health Organization. Brucellosis in humans and animals. 2006. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 26 August 2016).http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf[61]Luzzi GA, Brindle R, Sockett PN, et al. Brucellosis: imported and laboratory-acquired cases, and an overview of treatment trials. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993;87:138-141.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8337710?tool=bestpractice.com对牛奶巴氏灭菌,也可以非常有效地预防人类传播。[1]Madkour MM. Madkour's brucellosis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2001.[38]Langer AJ, Ayers T, Grass J, et al. Nonpasteurized dairy products, disease outbreaks, and state laws - United States, 1993-2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:385-391.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/3/11-1370_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22377202?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Claeys WL, Cardoen S, Daube G, et al. Raw or heated cow milk consumption: review of risks and benefits. Food Control. 2013;31:251-262.[60]World Health Organization. Brucellosis in humans and animals. 2006. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 26 August 2016).http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf
在疫区,应当教育公众对所有奶制品进行巴氏灭菌,不要吃可能被感染的生肉制品或动物内脏。[13]Godfroid J, Cloeckaert A, Liautard JP, et al. From the discovery of the Malta fever's agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis. Vet Res. 2005;36:313-326.http://www.vetres.org/articles/vetres/pdf/2005/03/v4056.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845228?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Government of Alberta Health and Wellness. Brucellosis: public health notifiable disease management guidelines. July 2012. http://www.health.alberta.ca/ (last accessed 26 August 2016).http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/Guidelines-Brucellosis-2012.pdf所有微生物学工作人员应当知晓布鲁氏菌病的风险,即使是在非流行区;还要劝诫他们不要实施危险操作,例如嗅闻培养皿、在开放实验室中处理或涡旋已知或可能的布鲁氏菌培养物。[24]Yagupsky P, Baron EJ. Laboratory exposures to brucellae and implications for bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1180-1185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16102304?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Robichaud S, Libman M, Behr M, et al. Prevention of laboratory-acquired brucellosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:e119-e122.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/12/e119.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15227634?tool=bestpractice.com在实验室中,应当使用合适的生物安全柜处理未明确识别的革兰氏阴性或革兰氏不定球杆菌或杆菌。[24]Yagupsky P, Baron EJ. Laboratory exposures to brucellae and implications for bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1180-1185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16102304?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Laboratory-acquired brucellosis - Indiana and Minnesota, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:39-42.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5702a3.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199967?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Reddy S, Manuel R, Sheridan E, et al. Brucellosis in the United Kingdom - a risk to laboratory workers? Recommendations for prevention and management of laboratory exposure. J Clin Pathol. 2010;63:90-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18495792?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Knudsen A, Kronborg G, Dahl Knudsen J, et al. Laboratory exposure to Brucella melitensis in Denmark: a prospective study. J Hosp Infect. 2013;85:237-239.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24070633?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Traxler RM, Lehman MW, Bosserman EA, et al. A literature review of laboratory-acquired brucellosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:3055-3062.http://jcm.asm.org/content/51/9/3055.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23824774?tool=bestpractice.com
野生动物(例如野猪)猎人,应当采取防护措施,避免自己在屠宰或处理死动物时被受感染物质污染。[64]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Brucellosis: hunters risks. January 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/ (last accessed 31 August 2016).https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/hunters.html