系统分类[1]Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, et al. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and "HGE agent" as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001 Nov;51(Pt 6):2145-65.http://www.sgmjournals.org/docserver/fulltext/ijsem/51/6/0512145a.pdf?expires=1441879426&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=835C3F0CE2EE05572BB7E32F1413976Ahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11760958?tool=bestpractice.com
无形体科细菌的分类学系统:
查菲埃立克体:人嗜单核细胞/单核细胞埃立克体病 (HME) 的原因[2]Anderson BE, Dawson JE, Jones DC, et al. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a new species associated with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Dec;29(12):2838-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1757557?tool=bestpractice.com
嗜吞噬细胞无形体:人嗜粒细胞/粒细胞边虫病 (HGA) 的原因[3]Chen SM, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, et al. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Mar;32(3):589-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8195363?tool=bestpractice.com
尤氏埃立克体:人尤氏埃立克体病 (HEE) 的原因。[4]Buller RS, Arens M, Hmiel SP, et al. Ehrlichia ewingii, a newly recognized agent of human ehrlichiosis. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jul 15;341(3):148-55.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199907153410303#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10403852?tool=bestpractice.com
自 2009 年以来,已确定另外两种与人类病例相关的病原体。鼠埃立克体样病原体 (EMLA) 和米库尔新埃立克体 (Candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis)。
明尼苏达州、威斯康星州、印地安那州、密西根州和北达科他州均报道过鼠埃立克体样病原体 (EMLA)。[5]Johnson DK, Schiffman EK, Davis JP, et al. Human infection with Ehrlichia muris-like pathogen, United States, 2007-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Oct;21(10):1794-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26402378?tool=bestpractice.com 所有病例均报道了在明尼苏达州或威斯康星州接触到了蜱。还报道了用于该细菌的鼠类动物模型,组织病理学与 HME 病例中的描述非常类似。[6]Saito TB, Thirumalapura NR, Shelite TR, et al. An animal model of a newly emerging human ehrlichiosis. J Infect Dis. 2015 Feb 1;211(3):452-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24990203?tool=bestpractice.com 病原体通过肩突硬蜱传播。
欧洲已报告 8 例米库尔新埃立克体 (Candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis),其中 6 例有免疫抑制证据。其中 5 名患者使用多西环素治疗后恢复,1 人死亡。病例均使用 16S rRNA 基因的引物通过聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 进行诊断。未从任何病例获得分离株。该微生物属于无形体科,其靶细胞似乎是循环中的粒细胞。[7]von Loewenich FD, Geissdörfer W, Disqué C, et al. Detection of "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" in two patients with severe febrile illnesses: evidence for a European sequence variant. J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Jul;48(7):2630-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897504/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519481?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Welc-Falęciak R, Siński E, Kowalec M, et al. Asymptomatic "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" infections in immunocompetent humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Aug;52(8):3072-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136151/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24899023?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Raoult D. Uncultured candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Oct;59(7):1042.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24965351?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Grankvist A, Andersson PO, Mattsson M, et al. Infections with the tick-borne bacterium "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" mimic noninfectious conditions in patients with B cell malignancies or autoimmune diseases. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2014 Jun;58(12):1716-22.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/12/1716.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24647019?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Andréasson K, Jönsson G, Lindell P, et al. Recurrent fever caused by Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with rituximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015 Feb;54(2):369-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25416710?tool=bestpractice.com 亚洲也有已证实的感染记录;其中,中国报道了 7 例。[12]Li H, Jiang JF, Liu W, et al. Human infection with Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Oct;18(10):1636-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471638/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23017728?tool=bestpractice.com 2014 年 8 月,波兰报告了 5 例无症状感染。通过对在蓖子硬蜱流行的森林地区工作的无症状个体收集血样、然后对血样进行 PCR 扩增,最终确诊这些病例。[8]Welc-Falęciak R, Siński E, Kowalec M, et al. Asymptomatic "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" infections in immunocompetent humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Aug;52(8):3072-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136151/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24899023?tool=bestpractice.com
发现这个科还有其他两种细菌偶尔与人类疾病相关:腺热新立克次体 (Neorickettsia sennetsu) 和犬埃立克体,后者是犬埃立克体病的病因。这些细菌尚未作为人类病原体予以充分研究,本文不做讨论。