案例
一名 45 岁的男性,来自密苏里州,无有意义的既往病史,到初级保健医处就诊。他 3 周前在从事园艺活动时被玫瑰刺划伤右手食指背面。受伤两周后,他出现无触痛的结节性病变,随后发生溃疡,只有少量的浆液性引流物。他接受头孢氨苄治疗,无临床改善,10 天后复诊,此时右前臂已经出现 2 个结节性无触痛病变。他在其他方面感觉良好,否认发热、畏寒或其他症状。右食指近端指间关节上方有一个 1x2 cm 的溃疡病变,边界清晰,右前臂有 2 个 2x2 cm 红斑性、无触痛、无波动感的结节性病变。除此之外,体格检查无显著异常,不伴有淋巴结病变或滑膜炎。他的全血细胞计数和基本代谢组值在正常范围内。
其他表现
除了最常见的淋巴皮肤型孢子丝菌病 (75%) 之外,也可能发生固定皮肤病变,不伴有上行性淋巴管扩散 (20%)。此类病变为疣状或斑状,可能发生溃疡。[1]Rex JH, Okhuysen PC. Sporothrix schenckii. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:2984-2987.[2]Kauffman CA. Sporotrichosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:231-236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10476718?tool=bestpractice.com艾滋病患者的皮损一般更广泛,经常表现为不典型的凿孔状溃疡。可能发生皮外孢子丝菌病 (5%),一般见于有糖尿病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、酒精中毒、艾滋病、血液恶性肿瘤等潜在疾病的患者。骨关节孢子丝菌病是最常见的皮外表现形式,见于正常宿主,但也见于酒精中毒、糖尿病和艾滋病患者。它可表现为单关节炎或少关节炎/多关节炎,累及膝、手、腕、肘或踝关节,不累及髋关节、肩关节和脊柱;可能同时存在腱鞘炎、滑囊炎或神经卡压综合征。[3]Appenzeller S, Amaral TN, Amstalden EM, et al. Sporothrix schenckii infection presented as monoarthritis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:926-928.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16333559?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Crout JE, Brewer NS, Tompkins RB. Sporotrichosis arthritis: clinical features in seven patients. Ann Intern Med. 1977;86:294-297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/842988?tool=bestpractice.com慢性阻塞性肺疾病或酒精中毒患者的肺孢子丝菌病发展为亚急性空洞性上肺叶肺炎,类似肺结核病。[5]Pluss JL, Opal SM. Pulmonary sporotrichosis: review of treatment and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986;65:143-153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3517551?tool=bestpractice.com艾滋病患者的脑膜孢子丝菌病表现为慢性进程。[6]Silva-Vergara ML, Maneira FR, De Oliveira RM, et al. Multifocal sporotrichosis with meningeal involvement in a patient with AIDS. Med Mycol. 2005;43:187-190.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15832562?tool=bestpractice.com播散型孢子丝菌病表现为多处皮损,累及多个脏器,见于艾滋病和血液恶性肿瘤患者。[7]Hardman S, Stephenson I, Jenkins DR, et al. Disseminated Sporothix schenckii in a patient with AIDS. J Infect. 2005;51:e73-e77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16230207?tool=bestpractice.com[8]al-Tawfiq JA, Wools KK. Disseminated sporotrichosis and Sporothrix schenckii fungemia as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:1403-1406.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9636870?tool=bestpractice.com其他较少见的表现包括咽或眼孢子丝菌病以及真菌血症。[1]Rex JH, Okhuysen PC. Sporothrix schenckii. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:2984-2987.[2]Kauffman CA. Sporotrichosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:231-236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10476718?tool=bestpractice.com