单纯视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)
无论是缺血型还是非缺血型CRVO,治疗的主要目标均是观察和控制潜在的风险因素,积极治疗伴随的内科原发病及发病危险因素,如高血压、动脉粥样硬化、高脂血症、糖尿病、青光眼、血管炎或血液高凝状态。应密切监测黄斑水肿和新生血管形成等并发症。缺血型比非缺血型CRVO更应该密切观察。
CRVO并发黄斑水肿
一项关于中央静脉阻塞的前瞻性随机对照临床研究(CVOS)证明,栅格样激光光凝不能改善灌注型CRVO合并黄斑水肿患者的视力。[22]The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Evaluation of grid pattern photocoagulation for macular edema in central vein occlusion: the central vein occlusion study group M report. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1425-1433.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9097788?tool=bestpractice.com其他相关的治疗方法也正在调查。
目前认为血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是炎症或局部缺血并发血管渗漏的主要因素,一些随机临床试验证明,抗VEGF药物如雷珠单抗和阿柏西普能有效地治疗黄斑水肿。另一种抗VEGF药物是贝伐单抗,尽管它的效果尚未进行详细研究,但临床上已广泛应用,使用方法与雷珠单抗类似。一些临床试验也对玻璃体腔内注射糖皮质激素类药物(曲安奈德和地塞米松)疗法进行研究,但结果无明显意义。
目前临床上常用的治疗方法为先进行抗VEGF治疗。如果黄斑水肿持续存在,则应考虑玻璃体腔内注射糖皮质激素类药物。
CRVO并发新生血管形成
CVOS结果提示,只有视网膜或眼前节出现新生血管时才采用全视网膜光凝(PRP)疗法。[23]The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. A randomized clinical trial of early panretinal photocoagulation for ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group N report. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1434-1444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9097789?tool=bestpractice.com也就是说预防性PRP是不必要的。PRP的目的是防止视力进一步下降和新生血管性青光眼的发生。如果发生新生血管性青光眼,应该首先用药物控制眼压(IOP),必要时手术治疗。其他新生血管形成相关的并发症,如并发玻璃体出血或牵拉性视网膜脱离,应该行玻璃体切除术。
已有研究报道贝伐单抗可用于继发于CRVO的新生血管性青光眼的治疗,现在已有关于治疗后虹膜新生血管形成迅速恢复的报道。[24]Kahook MY, Schuman JS, Noecker RJ. Intravitreal bevacizumab in a patient with neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2006;37:144-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16583637?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Iliev ME, Domig D, Wolf-Schnurrbursch U, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:1054-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157590?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Batioglu F, Astam N, Ozmert E. Rapid improvement of retinal and iris neovascularization after a single intravitreal bevacizumab injection in a patient with central retinal vein occlusion and neovascular glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol. 2008;28:59-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17609852?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Yazdani S, Hendi K, Pakravan M. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection for neovascular glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2007;16:437-439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17700285?tool=bestpractice.com然而,如果不进一步联合进行PRP或眼内激光光凝,则贝伐单抗的长期疗效不能确定。
单纯视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)
与CRVO类似,单纯的缺血型或非缺血型BRVO的治疗目标主要是观察和控制潜在的危险因素,积极治疗伴随的内科原发病及发病危险因素,如高血压、动脉粥样硬化、高脂血症、糖尿病、青光眼、血管炎或血液高凝状态。应密切监测黄斑水肿和新生血管形成等并发症。
BRVO并发黄斑水肿
分支静脉阻塞研究(BVOS)[28]The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98:271-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6383055?tool=bestpractice.com表明,在3年的随访中发现,格栅样激光光凝能改善患者的视力并减少黄斑水肿。BRVO并发黄斑水肿患者视力提高:有中等质量的证据表明,在3年随访中,与未治疗者比较,格栅样激光光凝术有效提高视力和减少黄斑水肿。激光治疗的适应证为BRVO并发黄斑水肿且视力低于20/40、荧光素眼底血管造影示视盘区非缺血、黄斑中央凹没有出血、疾病持续时间至少3个月。[28]The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98:271-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6383055?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF) 被认为是与炎症和缺血相关的血管渗漏的一个主要因素,而且几项随机临床试验已证实,使用雷珠单抗、阿柏西普和 VEGF 抑制剂可有效治疗黄斑水肿。另一种抗VEGF药物是贝伐单抗,尽管它的效果尚未进行详细研究,但临床上已广泛应用,使用方法与雷珠单抗类似。临床试验还研究了玻璃体内注射皮质类固醇(例如,曲安奈德和地塞米松)的疗效,结果表明这些药物在单独使用时,疗效不太显著。
目前临床上常用的治疗方法为先进行抗VEGF治疗。如果黄斑水肿持续存在,则应考虑玻璃体腔内注射糖皮质激素类药物。
针对接受了额外皮质类固醇治疗但仍患有持续性黄斑水肿的患者或无法接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者(例如,所患青光眼为晚期或无法控制),可考虑使用格栅样激光凝固法。
BRVO并发新生血管形成
BVOS的研究小组报道,散在的激光光凝(直接激光光凝无灌注区)可使非缺血型BRVO(荧光素眼底血管造影提示5个视盘直径大小无灌注区)的视网膜新生血管形成发生率由40%降低到20%。[29]Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser scatter photocoagulation for prevention of neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage in branch vein occlusion. A randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:34-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2417579?tool=bestpractice.com散在的激光光凝也减少患者玻璃体出血。[29]Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser scatter photocoagulation for prevention of neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage in branch vein occlusion. A randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:34-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2417579?tool=bestpractice.com然而,绝大部分非缺血性BRVO并不合并新生血管,因此散在的激光光凝应在新生血管形成者中使用。[29]Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser scatter photocoagulation for prevention of neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage in branch vein occlusion. A randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:34-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2417579?tool=bestpractice.com
视网膜半侧静脉阻塞
因为迄今尚没有关于HRVO的随机临床对照试验,故其治疗方法与BRVO类似。现已证明玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德治疗HRVO的疗效与BRVO相当,而优于CRVO。[30]Scott IU, Vanveldhuisen PC, Oden NL, et al; SCORE Study Investigator Group. Baseline characteristics and response to treatment of participants with hemiretinal compared with branch retinal or central retinal vein occlusion in the Standard Care vs COrticosteroid for REtinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) Study: SCORE Study Report 14. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:1517-1524.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23229691?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗RVO的药物
用于RVO治疗的主要药物是VEGF抑制剂和糖皮质激素。
抗VEGF药物
包括雷珠单抗、贝伐单抗和阿柏西普。
雷珠单抗
雷珠单抗已被批准在眼科使用(在一些国家),主要用于治疗年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)和RVO黄斑水肿。
CRUISE研究发现,与假装注射后进行按需处理相比,雷珠单抗能显著提高CRVO合并黄斑水肿患者的视力,减少黄斑增厚。[31]Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Awh CC, et al. Sustained benefits from ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: twelve-month outcomes of a phase III study. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:2041-2049.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21715011?tool=bestpractice.comCRVO并发黄斑水肿患者视力提高和黄斑厚度降低:有高质量的证据表明,与观察组相比,雷珠单抗(0.5mg)显著提高患眼的视力(平均为14.9个字母),视力至少提高3行的百分比为47.7%,至少提高20/40的百分比为46.9%,降低黄斑厚度的百分比为97.3%并改善黄斑水肿。平均治疗次数是每6个月5-6次。雷珠单抗初始6个月用0.5mg,33.1%有视力改善。[31]Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Awh CC, et al. Sustained benefits from ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: twelve-month outcomes of a phase III study. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:2041-2049.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21715011?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
BRAVO研究报告有与上述类似的结果。与安慰组比较,雷珠单抗可明显改善BRVO和BRVO相关性黄斑水肿患者的视力,减少黄斑厚度。[32]Brown DM, Campochiaro PA, Bhisitkul RB, et al. Sustained benefits from ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: 12-month outcomes of a phase III study. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:1594-1602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684606?tool=bestpractice.comBRVO并发黄斑水肿患者视力提高:有高质量的证据表明,应用雷珠单抗比常规疗法治疗BRVO并发黄斑水肿能显著提高视力和减轻黄斑水肿。[32]Brown DM, Campochiaro PA, Bhisitkul RB, et al. Sustained benefits from ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: 12-month outcomes of a phase III study. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:1594-1602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684606?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
CRUISE和BRAVO研究显示,雷珠单抗均能改善视功能。[33]Varma R, Bressler NM, Suñer I, et al; BRAVO and CRUISE Study Groups. Improved vision-related function after ranibizumab for macular edema after retinal vein occlusion: results from the BRAVO and CRUISE trials. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:2108-2118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22817833?tool=bestpractice.com
如需维持减轻黄斑水肿和提高视力的效果必须进行长期随访,每个月检查1次。[34]Heier JS, Campochiaro PA, Yau L, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions: long-term follow-up in the HORIZON trial. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:802-809.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22301066?tool=bestpractice.com
贝伐单抗
作为一种化学治疗剂,贝伐单抗还没有被批准用于眼科;然而临床上常作为超适应症药物使用。一些研究报道贝伐单抗可有效治疗CRVO和BRVO引起的黄斑水肿CRVO并发黄斑水肿患者症状改善:有低质量的证据表明贝伐单抗改善CRVO并发黄斑水肿患者的症状。[35]Rosenfeld PJ, Fung AE, Puliafito CA. Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) for macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2005;36:336-339.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16156153?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Iturralde D, Spaide RF, Meyerle CB, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion: a short-term study. Retina. 2006;26:279-284.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16508427?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Pai SA, Shetty R, Vijayan PB, et al. Clinical, anatomic, and electrophysiologic evaluation following intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:601-606.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17306753?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Priglinger SG, Wolf AH, Kreutzer TC, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab injections for treatment of central retinal vein occlusion: six-month results of a prospective trial. Retina. 2007;27:1004-1012.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040236?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Hsu J, Kaiser RS, Sivalingam A, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in central retinal vein occlusion. Retina. 2007;27:1013-1019.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040237?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Kriechbaum K, Michels S, Prager F, et al. Intravitreal Avastin for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:518-522.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18211942?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Pournaras JA, Nguyen C, Vaudaux JD, et al. Treatment of central retinal vein occlusion-related macular edema with intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin): preliminary results. Klin Monastbl Augenheilkd. 2008;225:397-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18454380?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。但研究结果[42]Yilmaz T, Cordero-Coma M. Use of bevacizumab for macular edema secondary to
branch retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp
Ophthalmol. 2012;250:787-793.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539192?tool=bestpractice.comBRVO并发黄斑水肿患者症状改善:有低质量证据表明贝伐单抗改善BRVO并发黄斑水肿患者的症状。[43]Spandau U, Wickenhauser A, Rensch F, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for branch retinal vein occlusion. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007;85:118-119.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17244225?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Rabena MD, Pieramici DJ, Castellarin AA, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Retina. 2007;27:419-425.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420692?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Wu L, Arevalo JF, Roca JA, et al. Comparison of two doses of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: results from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group at 6 months of follow-up. Retina. 2008;28:212-219.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18301025?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Kreutzer TC, Alge CS, Wolf AH, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:351-355.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18211925?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Kriechbaum K, Michels S, Prager F, et al. Intravitreal Avastin for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:518-522.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18211942?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。并不一致。
一些开放型研究中多数认为贝伐单抗在新生血管性眼部疾病的治疗中耐受性较好。[47]Lynch SS, Cheng CM. Bevacizumab for neovascular ocular diseases. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:614-625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17355998?tool=bestpractice.com避免副作用:有高质量的证据表明,贝伐单抗副作用的发生概率低(系统回顾文献报道7113次注射的副作用的发生概率为0.21%)。[47]Lynch SS, Cheng CM. Bevacizumab for neovascular ocular diseases. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:614-625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17355998?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
一些研究表明,贝伐单抗和雷珠单抗治疗AMD的临床疗效相当,[48]Subramanian ML, Ness S, Abedi G, et al. Bevacizumab vs ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration : early results of a prospective, double-masked, randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:875-882.e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800611?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Stepien KE, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, et al. Comparison of intravitreal bevacizumab followed by ranibizumab for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2009;29:1067-1073.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19696701?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Martin DF, Maguire MG, Fine SL, et al. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year results. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:1388-1398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22555112?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Landa G, Amde W, Doshi V, et al. Comparative study of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) versus ranibizumab (Lucentis) in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica. 2009;223:370-375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19590252?tool=bestpractice.com然而,一项研究表明,雷珠单抗的疗效更佳。[52]Chang TS, Kokame G, Casey R, et al. Short-term effectiveness of intravitreal bevacizumab versus ranibizumab injections for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2009;29:1235-1241.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934818?tool=bestpractice.com目前尚没有大规模随机临床试验对贝伐单抗和雷珠单抗在治疗RVO中的疗效进行比较。但临床医生经常参考AMD的研究结果来指导RVO用药。
阿柏西普
阿柏西普是一种专门用于玻璃体腔内注射用的融合蛋白;对于患有视网膜中央静脉阻塞 (CRVO) 相关的黄斑水肿和视网膜分支静脉阻塞 (BRVO) 相关的黄斑水肿的患者,[53]Brown DM, Heier JS, Clark WL, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept injection for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: 1-year results from the phase 3 COPERNICUS study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;155:429-437.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218699?tool=bestpractice.comCRVO并发黄斑水肿患者视力提高:有中等质量的证据表明,阿柏西普提高CRVO并发黄斑水肿患者的视力(定义为>15个字母)。患者接受为期 6 个月的阿柏西普或虚假治疗,随后根据需要进行为期 6 个月的阿柏西普治疗。在阿柏西普治疗组中,55.3% 的眼睛视力得到了显著提高,而在虚假阿柏西普治疗组中,30.1% 的眼睛视力得到了显著提高。平均视敏度分别提高16.2和3.8个字母。减少黄斑水肿的效果在两组间类似。[53]Brown DM, Heier JS, Clark WL, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept injection for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: 1-year results from the phase 3 COPERNICUS study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;155:429-437.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218699?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。阿柏西普能够显著提高视敏度。[54]Campochiaro PA, Clark WL, Boyer DS, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: the 24-week results of the VIBRANT study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:538-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25315663?tool=bestpractice.com治疗后无明显的不良反应。
玻璃体腔内注射存在并发眼内炎、视网膜脱离、白内障、眼压升高和玻璃体出血的风险。
玻璃体腔内注射糖皮质激素类药物
包括曲安奈德和地塞米松。
曲安奈德
其治疗黄斑水肿的确切作用机制尚不完全明确。然而,一些系列病例报道证实曲安奈德玻璃体注射后CRVO患者可获得一定程度的视力和解剖结构的改善。CRVO并发黄斑水肿患者视力提高和水肿改善:有低质量的证据表明曲安奈德可以提高CRVO并发黄斑水肿患者视力和改善水肿。[55]Greenberg PB, Martidis A, Rogers AH, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:247-248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1771005/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11815359?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring RF. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide as treatment of macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002;240:782-783.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12271378?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Park CH, Jaffe GJ, Fekrat S. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in eyes with cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:419-425.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12967793?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Ip MS, Gottlieb JL, Kahana A, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:1131-1136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15302652?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Bashshur ZF, Ma'luf RN, Allam S, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for the management of macular edema due to nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:1137-1140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15302653?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Williamson TH, O'Donnell A. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for cystoid macular edema in nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139:860-866.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860292?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Cekic O, Chang S, Tseng JJ, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone treatment for macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion and hemiretinal vein occlusion. Retina. 2005;25:846-850.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16205562?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Gregori NZ, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, et al. One-year safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the management of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Retina. 2006;26:889-895.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031288?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Goff MJ, Jumper JM, Yang SS, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide treatment of macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion. Retina. 2006;26:896-901.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031289?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。一项截止到 2014 年 11 月的系统评价中纳入了一项随机对照试验 (RCT),该试验通过观察比较了曲安奈德两种剂量(1 mg 和 4 mg)。[64]Gewaily D, Muthuswamy K, Greenberg PB. Intravitreal steroids versus observation for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD007324.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007324.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26352007?tool=bestpractice.com该 RCT 报道,两种剂量的曲安奈德都能在 24 个月时显著提高视敏度。
SCORE随机临床对照试验对玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德与标准方法(观察和格栅样激光光凝CRVO和BRVO患者)治疗CRVOHE BRVO的疗效进行比较,[65]U.S. National Institutes of Health. The Standard care vs. Corticosteroid for REtinal vein occlusion (SCORE) study: two randomized trials to compare the efficacy and safety of intravitreal injection(s) of triamcinolone acetonide with standard care to treat macular edema. July 2012. http://clinicaltrials.gov (last accessed 21 September 2016).http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00105027[66]Ip MS, Scott IU, VanVeldhuisen PC, et al. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with observation to treat vision loss associated with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) study report 5. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:1101-1114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752419?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Scott IU, Ip MS, VanVeldhuisen PC, et al. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with standard care to treat vision loss associated with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) study report 6. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:1115-1128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752420?tool=bestpractice.com表明曲安奈德治疗的患者中27%视力至少提高3行,平均视敏度-1.2字母。关于黄斑厚度的变化(-196μm)方面两者之间是相似的,在BRVO患者中,两者没有显著的差异。
曲安奈德治疗的患者中有20%需要用药物控制眼压,26%的患者有白内障有进展。
地塞米松
地塞米松由玻璃体腔内注射的植入剂型药物传递系统进行输送,释放地塞米松的时间为6个月。
在一个评估地塞米松治疗CRVO和BRVO疗效的随机对照试验中,患者接受一次或两次地塞米松缓释剂的玻璃体腔内注射,[68]Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema related to branch or central retinal vein occlusion twelve-month study results. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:2453-2460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764136?tool=bestpractice.com表明注射2个月后患眼视敏度得到提高;30%到32%的患者视力提高至少15个字母。CRVO或BRVO并发黄斑水肿患者视力提高:有高质量的证据表明,在2个月的随访中,相比安慰治疗,玻璃体腔内注射地塞米松能提高视力至<20/20,并能改善持续的黄斑水肿患者的视力。[68]Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema related to branch or central retinal vein occlusion twelve-month study results. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:2453-2460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764136?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。间隔12个月后玻璃体腔内注射2次地塞米松视力提高3行者占24%,而玻璃体腔内注射1次地塞米松视力提高3行者占21%。
该研究的结果还显示及时治疗视网膜静脉阻塞,尤其是BRVO,可能与改善临床结果相关。
玻璃体腔内注射存在并发眼内炎、视网膜脱离、白内障、眼压升高和玻璃体出血的风险。
抗VEGF药物与玻璃体腔内注射糖皮质激素
选择使用VEGF抑制剂还是玻璃体内糖皮质激素进行治疗应考虑下列因素:
在所有可用的玻璃体腔内注射中,通常已通过可治疗CRVO相关的黄斑水肿的药物仅包括雷珠单抗、阿柏西普和地塞米松;且存在国家地区间差异。在部分国家中,雷珠单抗和地塞米松在适用于治疗病程<3个月的BRVO并发黄斑水肿。两种药物都在<3个月病程的BRVO黄斑水肿患者中进行了研究。
玻璃体腔内注射存在并发眼内炎、视网膜脱离、白内障、眼压升高和玻璃体出血的风险。
其他治疗方法的选择
一些其他治疗方法也有研究报道,如激光脉络膜视网膜静脉吻合术、放射状视神经切开术和组织纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA),但这些治疗方法均不宜作为首选方案,只有在其他治疗无效时才考虑使用。[69]Feltgen N, Junker B, Agostini H, et al. Retinal endovascular lysis in ischemic central retinal vein occlusion: one-year results of a pilot study. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:716-723.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17141322?tool=bestpractice.com[70]McAllister IL, Constable IJ. Laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for treatment of nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:456-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7710396?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Finkelstein D, Clarkson JG. Retinal vessel bypass. A promising new clinical investigative procedure. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:421-422.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7710389?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Fekrat S, Goldberg MF, Finkelstein D. Laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for nonischemic central or branch retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:43-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9445207?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Opremcak EM, Bruce RA, Lomeo MD, et al. Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective pilot study of 11 consecutive cases. Retina. 2001;21:408-415.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642369?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Garcia-Arumii J, Boixadera A, Martinez-Castillo V, et al. Chorioretinal anastomosis after radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:1385-1391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14557173?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Weizer JS, Stinnett SS, Fekrat S. Radial optic neurotomy as treatment for central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:814-819.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597031?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Elman MJ. Thrombolytic therapy for central retinal vein occlusion: results of a pilot study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1996;94:471-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312109/pdf/taos00005-0489.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8981710?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Glacet-Bernard A, Kuhn D, Vine AK, et al. Treatment of recent onset central retinal vein occlusion with intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator: a pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84:609-613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1723517/pdf/v084p00609.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10837386?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Weiss JN. Treatment of central retinal vein occlusion by injection of tissue plasminogen activator into a retinal vein. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:142-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9683166?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Bynoe LA, Weiss JN. Retinal endovascular surgery and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for central vein occlusion in young adults. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:382-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12614759?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Bynoe LA, Hutchins RK, Lazarus HS, et al. Retinal endovascular surgery for central retinal vein occlusion: initial experience of four surgeons. Retina. 2005;25:625-632.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16077361?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Lazo-Langner A, Hawel J, Ageno W, et al. Low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Haematologica. 2010;95:1587-1593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930962/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305141?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Squizzato A, Manfredi E, Bozzato S, et al. Antithrombotic and fibrinolytic drugs for retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and a call for action. Thromb Haemost. 2010;103:271-276.http://www.schattauer.de/en/magazine/subject-areas/journals-a-z/thrombosis-and-haemostasis/contents/archive/issue/special/manuscript/12428/download.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20126837?tool=bestpractice.com
脉络膜视网膜静脉吻合术可并发玻璃体出血、视网膜前纤维化牵拉性视网膜脱离、脉络膜新生血管形成、脉络膜玻璃体新生血管形成。
放射状视神经切开术可并发玻璃体出血、视野缺损、视网膜新生管形成和视网膜脱离。
血管内使用t-PA联合或不联合玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德的治疗的效果在不同的操作医生中存在很大差异。玻璃体腔内注射或直接静脉滴注t-PA的副作用包括白内障、视网膜新生血管形成和视网膜脱离。