AA 患者的主要治疗方式:[17]Killick SB, Bown N, Cavenagh J, et al; British Society for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2016;172:187-207.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.13853/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26568159?tool=bestpractice.com
去除任何潜在的病原体或暴露因素
免疫抑制疗法 (IST)
异基因干细胞移植 (SCT)
使用促血小板生成素受体激动剂(艾曲波帕)治疗
根据需要采用支持性治疗,包括输血和抗生素治疗。
在着手治疗一位新近诊断为 AA 的患者时,首先且最重要的问题是患者是否患有遗传性骨髓衰竭综合征,因为这些患者应考虑早期的骨髓移植或雄性激素疗法。[2]Young NS, Calado RT, Scheinberg P. Current concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of aplastic anemia. Blood. 2006;108:2509-2519.http://bloodjournal.org/content/108/8/2509.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778145?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Brodsky RA, Jones RJ. Aplastic anaemia. Lancet. 2005;365:1647-1656.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15885298?tool=bestpractice.com对获得性 AA 患者,下一个要问的问题是患者是否需要治疗,这取决于病情的严重程度。
在临床实践中,患者分为重度或非重度疾病(即,不符合重度 AA 标准)。重度 AA 标准包括:骨髓细胞构成<25% 或细胞构成<50% 和残余造血细胞<30%;以及至少满足以下中的 2 项:绝对网织红细胞计数<20 × 10^9/L (使用自动分析时<60 × 10^9/L);血小板计数<20 × 10^9/L;中性粒细胞绝对计数 (ANC)<0.5 × 10^9/L。重度 AA 的 ANC<0.2 × 10^9/L。[18]Camitta BM, Thomas ED, Nathan DG, et al. Severe aplastic anemia: a prospective study of the effect of early marrow transplantation on acute mortality. Blood. 1976;48:63-70.http://bloodjournal.org/content/48/1/63.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/779871?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Bacigalupo A, Hows J, Gluckman E, et al. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) versus immunosuppression for the treatment of severe aplastic anaemia (SAA): a report of the EBMT SAA working party. Br J Haematol. 1988;70:177-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3056497?tool=bestpractice.com
获得性非重度 AA
尚无清晰的指南管理非重度疾病患者(即,不符合重度 AA 标准)。可采用定期 FBC 检查,保守地监测患者。对输血依赖性患者,IST 的标准护理为联用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白 (ATG) 和钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(首选环孢素)。[20]Marsh J, Schrezenmeier H, Marin P, et al. Prospective randomized multicenter study comparing cyclosporin alone versus the combination of antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporin for treatment of patients with nonsevere aplastic anemia: a report from the European Blood and Marrow Transplant (EBMT) Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party. Blood. 1999;93:2191-2195.http://bloodjournal.org/content/93/7/2191.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10090926?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Frickhofen N, Rosenfeld SJ. Immunosuppressive treatment of aplastic anemia with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine. Semin Hematol. 2000;37:56-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10676911?tool=bestpractice.com血液学反应:有中等质量证据表明,抗胸腺细胞球蛋白优于支持性治疗或雄激素。在抗胸腺细胞球蛋白方案中增加环孢素会增强疗效。[20]Marsh J, Schrezenmeier H, Marin P, et al. Prospective randomized multicenter study comparing cyclosporin alone versus the combination of antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporin for treatment of patients with nonsevere aplastic anemia: a report from the European Blood and Marrow Transplant (EBMT) Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party. Blood. 1999;93:2191-2195.http://bloodjournal.org/content/93/7/2191.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10090926?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Camitta BM. A controlled prospective trial of antithoracic duct lymphocyte globulin (ATDLG) for treatment of severe aplastic anemia. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1984;148:239-247.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6379662?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Champlin R, Ho W, Gale RP. Antithymocyte globulin treatment in patients with aplastic anemia: a prospective randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:113-118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6336819?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Frickhofen N, Kaltwasser JP, Schrezenmeier H, et al. Treatment of aplastic anemia with antilymphocyte globulin and methylprednisolone with or without cyclosporine. The German Aplastic Anemia Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1297-1304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017225?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Rosenfeld S, Follmann D, Nuñez O, et al. Antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine for severe aplastic anemia: association between hematologic response and long-term outcome. JAMA. 2003;289:1130-1135.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196101http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12622583?tool=bestpractice.com在重度或极重度的 AA 患者中,4 个月的应答率为 65%;中位随访>11 年,该方案与 58% 的精算生存率有关。[26]Frickhofen N, Heimpel H, Kaltwasser JP, et al; German Aplastic Anemia Study Group. Antithymocyte globulin with or without cyclosporin A: 11-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing treatments of aplastic anemia. Blood. 2003;101:1236-1242.http://bloodjournal.org/content/101/4/1236.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12393680?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
获得性重度或极重度的 AA
对于获得性重度或极重度的 AA 患者,治疗的选择取决于患者的年龄以及是否具有匹配的亲属干细胞捐赠者。上世纪 60 年代首次证明了匹配的干细胞移植是 AA 的一种成功治疗方法。1976 年的一项随机对照试验证明了 SCT 的益处优于支持性治疗。[18]Camitta BM, Thomas ED, Nathan DG, et al. Severe aplastic anemia: a prospective study of the effect of early marrow transplantation on acute mortality. Blood. 1976;48:63-70.http://bloodjournal.org/content/48/1/63.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/779871?tool=bestpractice.com
总的来说,若有匹配的亲缘供体, 50 岁及以下的患者应采用前期 SCT 治疗。对于 40 至 50 岁的患者,应仔细评估合并症以确定 SCT 的适用性。
对于 50 岁及以下但没有匹配的亲缘供体的患者,或者 50 岁以上的患者,应考虑 ATG 形式的 IST 或钙调磷酸酶抑制剂作为一线疗法。若 IST 无效,那么应考虑 SCT 作为下个疗法。[27]Eapen M. Allogeneic transplantation for aplastic anemia. Hematology. 2012;17(suppl 1):15-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507769?tool=bestpractice.com
除非特殊情况,否则匹配的非亲缘供体 SCT 通常不作为一线疗法。[28]Bacigalupo A, Locatelli F, Lanino E, et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulin for alternative donor transplants in acquired severe aplastic anemia: a report from the EBMT-SAA Working Party. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;36:947-950.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16205733?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Deeg HJ, O'Donnell M, Tolar J, et al. Optimization of conditioning for marrow transplantation from unrelated donors for patients with aplastic anemia after failure of immunosuppressive therapy. Blood. 2006;108:1485-1491.http://bloodjournal.org/content/108/5/1485.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16684959?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Armand P, Antin JH. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for aplastic anemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007;13:505-516.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17448909?tool=bestpractice.com生存率:对于使用匹配的非亲缘供体干细胞移植有质量较差的证据。预期结果表明生存率范围为 61% 至 84%。[28]Bacigalupo A, Locatelli F, Lanino E, et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulin for alternative donor transplants in acquired severe aplastic anemia: a report from the EBMT-SAA Working Party. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;36:947-950.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16205733?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Deeg HJ, O'Donnell M, Tolar J, et al. Optimization of conditioning for marrow transplantation from unrelated donors for patients with aplastic anemia after failure of immunosuppressive therapy. Blood. 2006;108:1485-1491.http://bloodjournal.org/content/108/5/1485.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16684959?tool=bestpractice.com分子水平的 HLA 分型至少可以去掉部分替代供体干细胞移植的副作用。[30]Armand P, Antin JH. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for aplastic anemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007;13:505-516.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17448909?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。若无匹配的亲缘供体,标准治疗首选免疫抑制治疗 (IST),并且只有在 IST 治疗 1 个疗程无效后才考虑使用匹配的非亲缘供体进行 SCT。但几项最近的研究表明,与匹配的非亲缘供体移植有关的并发症已有了明显的改善,使一些医生开始考虑为重度或极重度 AA 的儿童和青年患者进行早期的前期匹配非亲缘供体移植。[31]Marsh JC, Gupta V, Lim Z, et al. Alemtuzumab with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide reduces chronic graft versus host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acquired aplastic anemia. Blood. 2011;118:2351-2357.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21518925?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Bacigalupo A, Socie G, Lanino E, et al; Severe Aplastic Anemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, antithymocyte globulin, with or without low dose total body irradiation, for alternative donor transplants, in acquired severe aplastic anemia: a retrospective study from the EBMT-SAA working party. Haematologica. 2010;95:976-982.http://www.haematologica.org/content/95/6/976.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494932?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国之外使用 ATG
2007 年,ATG 的标准制剂 - 马(马属动物)ATG 在欧洲退市,被兔 ATG 取代。兔 ATG 以前常用于 IST 的第二疗程,通常在马 ATG 的第一疗程无反应或疾病复发之后。但一直认为马 ATG 要优于兔 ATG。[33]Scheinberg P, Nunez O, Weinstein B, et al. Horse versus rabbit antithymocyte globulin in acquired aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:430-438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21812672?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Marsh J, Socie G, Tichelli A, et al, on behalf of the EBMT Severe Aplastic Anaemia (SAA) Working Party. Prospective phase II pilot study of rabbit antithymocyte globulin with ciclosporin for patients with acquired aplastic anaemia and matched pair analysis with patients treated with horse ATG and ciclosporin. EBMT 2011 physicians' abstracts: no.208. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46(Suppl 1):S30.http://www.nature.com/bmt/journal/v46/n1s/pdf/bmt201147a.pdf[35]Afable MG 2nd, Shaik M, Sugimoto Y, et al. Efficacy of rabbit antithymocyte globulin in severe aplastic anemia. Haematologica. 2011;96:1269-1275.http://www.haematologica.org/content/96/9/1269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21606164?tool=bestpractice.com血液学反应:有中等质量的证据表明,在 AA 患者的血液学反应方面,马 ATG 优于兔 ATG。一项国立卫生研究院的比较兔 ATG 加环孢素和马 ATG 的大型前瞻性随机研究显示,兔 ATG 组的应答率 (35%) 和生存率 (55%) 明显低于马 ATG 组(应答率 62% 和生存率 85%)。[33]Scheinberg P, Nunez O, Weinstein B, et al. Horse versus rabbit antithymocyte globulin in acquired aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:430-438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21812672?tool=bestpractice.com随后两项较小型的 II 期研究也显示了相似的结果。[34]Marsh J, Socie G, Tichelli A, et al, on behalf of the EBMT Severe Aplastic Anaemia (SAA) Working Party. Prospective phase II pilot study of rabbit antithymocyte globulin with ciclosporin for patients with acquired aplastic anaemia and matched pair analysis with patients treated with horse ATG and ciclosporin. EBMT 2011 physicians' abstracts: no.208. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46(Suppl 1):S30.http://www.nature.com/bmt/journal/v46/n1s/pdf/bmt201147a.pdf[35]Afable MG 2nd, Shaik M, Sugimoto Y, et al. Efficacy of rabbit antithymocyte globulin in severe aplastic anemia. Haematologica. 2011;96:1269-1275.http://www.haematologica.org/content/96/9/1269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21606164?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。马 ATG 在欧洲的上市情况各不相同。
在美国以外,欧洲血液和骨髓移植重度再生障碍性贫血工作组 (EBMT SAAWP) 提供了以下指南,也得到了英国血液病学协会的支持:[17]Killick SB, Bown N, Cavenagh J, et al; British Society for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2016;172:187-207.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.13853/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26568159?tool=bestpractice.com[36]European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group, Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party. Rabbit ATG for aplastic anaemia treatment: a backward step? Lancet. 2011;378:1831-1833.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737135?tool=bestpractice.com
若马 ATG 不可用,兔 ATG 治疗较为合理。即使有效率较低,也优于完全未治疗。英国血液病学协会强调兔 ATG 比马 ATG 具有更强的免疫抑制作用,更有可能导致感染,所以应只在具有适当 ATG 使用经验的中心使用兔 ATG,并且要采取充分的预防性抗微生物药物支持。[17]Killick SB, Bown N, Cavenagh J, et al; British Society for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2016;172:187-207.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.13853/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26568159?tool=bestpractice.com目前 EBMT SAAWP 建议,在得到更多数据前使用低于以前剂量的兔 ATG。
其他 IST 包括单独使用环孢素。关于使用阿仑珠单抗作为一线 IST 治疗 AA 的数据有限,但其中一项研究显示,因其应答率较低,不建议用作一线疗法。[37]Scheinberg P, Nunez O, Weinstein B, et al. Activity of alemtuzumab monotherapy in treatment-naive, relapsed, and refractory severe acquired aplastic anemia. Blood. 2012;119:345-354.http://bloodjournal.org/content/119/2/345.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22067384?tool=bestpractice.com
复发或难治性获得性 AA
对 IST 治疗无效或随后复发的患者,选择如下:
尝试另一个疗程的 IST
考虑使用艾曲波帕治疗
考虑研究性治疗(作为临床试验的一部分)。
总的来说,体力状态良好患者应考虑 SCT;否则应尝试另一个疗程的 IST 或给予艾曲波帕。
艾曲波帕是一种口服促血小板生成素受体激动剂,因其会刺激血小板生成,已被批准用于治疗免疫性血小板减少症。在一项对 43 例难治性 AA 患者的 2 阶段研究中,艾曲波帕改善了血液计数并减少了 40% 的患者的输血需求。[38]Olnes MJ, Scheinberg P, Calvo KR, et al. Eltrombopag and improved hematopoiesis in refractory aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:11-19.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200931#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22762314?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Desmond R, Townsley DM, Dumitriu B, et al. Eltrombopag restores tri-lineage hematopoiesis in refractory severe aplastic anemia which can be sustained on discontinuation of drug. Blood. 2014;123:1818-1825.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24345753?tool=bestpractice.com虽然药物耐受性较好,但 19% 的患者出现了细胞遗传学异常发展的克隆进化。美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 现在已对艾曲波帕用于治疗 IST 疗效不佳的重症 AA 患者的细胞减少症授予了突破性疗法认定。欧洲药品管理局 (EMA) 已批准艾曲波帕用于治疗 IST 疗效不佳的重症 AA 患者。
如果患者已经接受过多个 IST 疗程但不成功或艾曲波帕难以治疗,但不适合 SCT,可以考虑临床试验中的研究性治疗。
遗传性骨髓衰竭综合征
若诊断为遗传性骨髓衰竭综合征,异体移植物 SCT 是较为合适的治疗方案,因为免疫抑制疗法对此类患者无效。匹配的亲缘供体是首选。若无法,尽可能使用等位基因水平分型为主要组织相容性复合物 (MHC) I 和 MHC II 基因座匹配非亲缘供体。
若 SCT 不可用,雄激素为二线疗法,例如羟甲烯龙。雄激素对大约 60% 的 Fanconi 贫血、或先天性角化不良患者有效。[40]Bacigalupo A, Chaple M, Hows J, et al. Treatment of aplastic anaemia (AA) with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and methylprednisolone (MPred) with or without androgens: a randomized trial from the EBMT SAA working party. Br J Haematol. 1993;83:145-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8435323?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Leleu X, Terriou L, Duhamel A, et al. Long-term outcome in acquired aplastic anemia treated with an intensified dose schedule of horse antilymphocyte globulin in combination with androgens. Ann Hematol. 2006;85:711-716.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830141?tool=bestpractice.com羟甲烯龙会在大约 25% 的患者中产生一种三系反应。它会刺激红细胞生成素生成,雄激素通过雌二醇转换刺激端粒酶生成。[42]Calado RT, Young NS. Telomere maintenance and human bone marrow failure. Blood. 2008;111:4446-4455.http://bloodjournal.org/content/111/9/4446.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18239083?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Calado RT, Yewdell WT, Wilkerson KL, et al. Sex hormones, acting on the TERT gene, increase telomerase activity in human primary hematopoietic cells. Blood. 2009;114:2236-2243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561322?tool=bestpractice.com但羟甲烯龙具有肝毒性,可导致肝功能不全、临床黄疸、肝癌和肝紫癜。因此必须谨慎使用,定期监测肝功能并进行超声检查。由于会导致男性化,所以女性患者通常无法接受该治疗。造血生长因子(G-CSF 和红细胞生成素)有时可改善中性粒细胞计数和 Hb 水平。[44]Dokal IS. Inherited aplastic anaemia/bone marrow failure syndromes. In: Hoffbrand AV, Catovsky D, Tuddenham EG, et al, eds. Postgraduate haematology. 6th ed. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.