大多数儿童抽搐往往是轻度的,无需治疗。 甚至轻度 Tourette 综合征患者可能也无需治疗。 若需治疗,主要目标为通过减少抽搐和改进行为问题,尽量改善患者的生活质量。
所有患者的初步措施
对患者、家长和教师进行教育是首要的管理措施。患者及其父母要相信抽动的性质为良性。他们应被告知“压力、焦虑和兴奋会增加抽动发生的可能性”。家庭和学校应尽量不要太关注抽动的存在。应筛查患者是否存在共病,例如 ADHD 或强迫症 (OCD)。
抽搐影响日常生活的患者
仅当抽搐影响日常生活、社会交往、学习或工作表现时,才对患者进行治疗。 行为疗法是可用的针对抽搐症状的非药物治疗方法,例如抽搐综合行为干预 (CBIT)、习惯反转训练 (HRT) 和认知行为疗法 (CBT)。[51]McGuire JF, Arnold E, Park JM, et al. Living with tics: reduced impairment and improved quality of life for youth with chronic tic disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Feb 28;225(3):571-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4314444/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25500348?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Scahill L, Woods DW, Himle MB, et al. Current controversies on the role of behavior therapy in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2013 Aug;28(9):1179-83.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4283569/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23681719?tool=bestpractice.com[53]O'Connor KP, Laverdure A, Taillon A, et al. Cognitive behavioral management of Tourette's syndrome and chronic tic disorder in medicated and unmedicated samples. Behav Res Ther. 2009 Dec;47(12):1090-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749978/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19698938?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Sukhodolsky DG, Woods DW, Piacentini J, et al. Moderators and predictors of response to behavior therapy for tics in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2017 Mar 14;88(11):1029-36.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384839/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28202705?tool=bestpractice.com这些疗法是抽动治疗的重要组成部分。根据对 TS 和慢性抽动障碍的年轻患者进行的 40 项临床试验的系统评价发现,HRT 和 CBIT 均可有效治疗抽动障碍。该评价发现,与联合药物治疗相比,关于单独使用 HRT 和 CBIT 有效的证据不足。[55]Whittington C, Pennant M, Kendall T, et al. Practitioner review: treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people - a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;57(9):988-1004.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27132945?tool=bestpractice.com 后来对两项研究的数据进行了分析,着眼于 TS 和慢性抽动障碍的儿童和成人治疗效果的调节因素,将 CBIT 与心理教育和支持疗法进行比较,结果表明 CBIT 可有效减少抽动,无论是否同时使用抑制抽动的药物。[54]Sukhodolsky DG, Woods DW, Piacentini J, et al. Moderators and predictors of response to behavior therapy for tics in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2017 Mar 14;88(11):1029-36.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384839/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28202705?tool=bestpractice.com
行为疗法由经过培训的专业人员实施,包括心理学家、职业治疗师[56]Ricketts EJ, Gilbert DL, Zinner SH, et al. Pilot testing behavior therapy for chronic tic disorders in neurology and developmental pediatrics clinics. J Child Neurol. 2016 Mar;31(4):444-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26271790?tool=bestpractice.com 和言语治疗师,已被报道能够有效治疗抽动。[57]Dopfner M, Rothenberger A. Behavior therapy in tic disorders with co-existing ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;16 (Suppl 1):89-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17665287?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Piacentini J, Woods DW, Scahill L, et al. Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 May 19;303(19):1929-37.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2993317/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483969?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Frank M, Cavanna AE. Behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome: an evidence-based review. Behav Neurol. 2013;27(1):105-17.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215725/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23187152?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Dutta N, Cavanna AE. The effectiveness of habit reversal therapy in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders: a systematic review. Funct Neurol. 2013 Jan-Mar;28(1):7-12.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812724/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23731910?tool=bestpractice.com[61]McGuire JF, Piacentini J, Brennan EA, et al. A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Mar;50:106-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398255?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,此类治疗在某些社区可能不太容易进行。
没有足够的证据支持使用体育锻炼和/或饮食干预来治疗抽动障碍。[55]Whittington C, Pennant M, Kendall T, et al. Practitioner review: treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people - a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;57(9):988-1004.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27132945?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数医生利用药物治疗影响生活质量和日常生活活动的抽搐。
若适合药物治疗,应根据副作用和合并症选择治疗药物。[2]Singer HS. Tourette syndrome and its associated neurobehavioral problems. In: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM. Pediatric neurology: principles and practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2006:887-98. 因为大部分患者是儿童,应根据每个患者的年龄和体重确定用药剂量。
无并发 ADHD 或 OCD 患者的药物治疗:非妊娠
可选择的药物包括多巴胺拮抗剂、α-2- 肾上腺素受体激动剂和苯二氮卓类。 在一些国家仅有 3 种药物获得批准用于治疗 Tourette 综合征,它们是氟哌啶醇、哌咪清和阿立哌唑。 应根据副作用和合并症选择治疗药物。 治疗抽搐性运动障碍时,所有药物剂量均应由具有相关治疗经验的专家决定。 应在以下选项中选择个体化治疗方案:
α-2- 肾上腺素受体激动剂
当认为药物适合治疗轻度至中度抽动时(即,在行为疗法之后或除了该疗法之外),α-2 肾上腺素能受体激动剂是首选的一线治疗药物。由于不良副作用的风险增加,抗精神病药的使用频率较低,主要在 α-2 肾上腺素能受体激动剂无效或耐受性差的情况下使用。[55]Whittington C, Pennant M, Kendall T, et al. Practitioner review: treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people - a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;57(9):988-1004.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27132945?tool=bestpractice.com 理想情况是,α-2 肾上腺素受体激动剂用于并发 ADHD 的患者,因其在治疗无共患疾病的抽动障碍时效力较低。[13]Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;52(12):1341-59.http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(13)00695-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24290467?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Weisman H, Qureshi IA, Leckman JF. Systematic review: pharmacological treatment of tic disorders - efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Jul;37(6):1162-71.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674207/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23099282?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Egolf A, Coffey BJ. Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Drugs Today (Barc). 2014 Feb;50(2):159-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24619591?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Waldon K, Hill J, Termine C, et al. Trials of pharmacological interventions for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. Behav Neurol. 2013;26(4):265-73.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215438/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22713420?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Du YS, Li HF, Vance A, et al. Randomized double-blind multicentre placebo-controlled clinical trial of the clonidine adhesive patch for the treatment of tic disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;42(9):807-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18696285?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Murphy TK, Fernandez TV, Coffey BJ, et al. Extended-release guanfacine does not show a large effect on tic severity in children with chronic tic disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017 Nov;27(9):762-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28723227?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,许多临床医师和患者可能更愿意在服用“更强”的药物前尝试 α-2- 肾上腺素受体激动剂治疗抽搐。
包括口服氯压定(常规剂或缓释剂)或氯压定透皮贴剂和口服(常规剂或缓释剂)胍法辛。[13]Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;52(12):1341-59.http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(13)00695-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24290467?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Egolf A, Coffey BJ. Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Drugs Today (Barc). 2014 Feb;50(2):159-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24619591?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Waldon K, Hill J, Termine C, et al. Trials of pharmacological interventions for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. Behav Neurol. 2013;26(4):265-73.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215438/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22713420?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Du YS, Li HF, Vance A, et al. Randomized double-blind multicentre placebo-controlled clinical trial of the clonidine adhesive patch for the treatment of tic disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;42(9):807-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18696285?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Cali PV, et al. Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: current pharmacological treatment options. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2013 Sep;17(5):421-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23473832?tool=bestpractice.com 因为存在潜在的白天疲劳风险,所以一定要注意。不同于神经阻滞剂,α- 肾上腺素受体激动剂无已知的长期副作用。然而,若用于儿童,推荐筛查心脏心律失常并监测体位性低血压。
多巴胺拮抗剂
典型的神经阻滞剂
氟哌啶醇和哌咪清是某些国家/地区唯一可用的 Tourette 综合征的治疗药物。[68]Mogwitz S, Buse J, Ehrlich S, et al. Clinical pharmacology of dopamine-modulating agents in Tourette's syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;112:281-349.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24295625?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,一些运动障碍专家认为,选择氟奋乃静是因为其副作用风险比氟哌啶醇和哌咪清低,且对多巴胺 D2 受体具有相对特异性。[12]Singer HS. Treatment of tics and Tourette syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2010 Nov;12(6):539-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20848326?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Wijemanne S, Wu LJ, Jankovic J. Long-term efficacy and safety of fluphenazine in patients with Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2014 Jan;29(1):126-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150997?tool=bestpractice.com
因其潜在的副作用,一些医生可能仅将典型神经阻滞剂用于严重抽搐且对其他药物无反应的患者。 其中包括急性肌张力障碍反应、神经阻滞剂恶性综合征、迟发性运动障碍、镇静、体重增加和心律失常。[70]Kenney C, Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J. Tourette's syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Mar 1;77(5):651-8.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0301/p651.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18350763?tool=bestpractice.com
在开始使用哌咪清前应进行心电图检查,之后应定期进行该项检查。增加剂量前应进行 CYP2D6 基因型检测。CYP2D6 低代谢会使哌咪清浓度更高,并使 QT 间期延长的风险增加。[71]Preskorn SH. Changes in the product label for pimozide illustrate both the promises and the challenges of personalized medicine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;73(9):1191-3.http://www.psychiatrist.com/privatepdf/2012/v73n09/v73n0907.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23059147?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数关于哌咪清的研究主要集中于 12 岁及以上的儿童。有关该药用于年龄较小儿童的数据有限。
非典型的神经阻滞剂
有研究支持使用阿立哌唑治疗儿童和成人抽搐性运动障碍。[72]Yoo HK, Joung YS, Lee JS, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Aug;74(8):e772-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24021518?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Budman C, Coffey BJ, Shechter R, et al. Aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette disorder with and without explosive outbursts. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008 Oct;18(5):509-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18928415?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Ghanizadeh A, Haghighi A. Aripiprazole versus risperidone for treating children and adolescents with tic disorder: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2014 Oct;45(5):596-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343476?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Ho CS, Chiu NC, Tseng CF, et al. Clinical effectiveness of aripiprazole in short-term treatment of tic disorder in children and adolescents: a naturalistic study. Pediatr Neonatol. 2014 Feb;55(1):48-52.https://www.pediatr-neonatol.com/article/S1875-9572(13)00113-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23920131?tool=bestpractice.com 阿立哌唑具有部分 D2 受体激动剂、部分 5-HT 1A 激动剂、部分 5-HT 2C 激动剂和部分 D3、D4 受体激动剂的作用。浓度较高时,可作为 D2 拮抗剂,还是一种高亲和性的 5-HT 2A 受体拮抗剂,但对组胺和 α- 肾上腺素能受体中度亲和,对胆碱能毒蕈碱受体活性较低。[76]Budman CL. The role of atypical antipsychotics for treatment of Tourette's syndrome: an overview. Drugs. 2014 Jul;74(11):1177-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034359?tool=bestpractice.com 利培酮治疗 Tourette 综合征的有效性具有强有力的证据基础。[76]Budman CL. The role of atypical antipsychotics for treatment of Tourette's syndrome: an overview. Drugs. 2014 Jul;74(11):1177-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034359?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Scahill L, Leckman JF, Schultz RT, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of risperidone in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2003 Apr 8;60(7):1130-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12682319?tool=bestpractice.com 奥氮平是抽动障碍的潜在疗法,但由于存在较高的代谢并发症风险,因此在治疗流程中较少考虑该疗法。[78]Onofrj M, Paci C, D'Andreamatteo G, et al. Olanzapine in severe Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a 52-week double-blind cross-over study vs. low-dose pimozide. J Neurol. 2000 Jun;247(6):443-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10929273?tool=bestpractice.com[79]McCracken JT, Suddath R, Chang S, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of open label olanzapine in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008 Oct;18(5):501-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205800/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18928414?tool=bestpractice.com
对比典型的神经阻滞剂,非典型的神经阻滞剂副作用可能更为轻微(例如,锥体外系症状和心律失常的风险更小)。[76]Budman CL. The role of atypical antipsychotics for treatment of Tourette's syndrome: an overview. Drugs. 2014 Jul;74(11):1177-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034359?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,它们也与体重增加、镇静、代谢综合症、急性肌张力障碍反应、迟发性运动障碍和神经阻滞剂恶性综合征有关。 抽搐性运动障碍患者长期服用的结果未知,且就总体症状治疗而言,似乎无效。[80]Pringsheim T, Marras C. Pimozide for tics in Tourette's syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD006996.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006996.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370666?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗时应使用最低最有效的剂量。
丁苯那嗪是一种多巴胺拮抗剂,通过减少突触前的多巴胺起效。[81]Fasano A, Bentivoglio AR. Tetrabenazine. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Dec;10(17):2883-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19929707?tool=bestpractice.com 某些国家/地区可能并无此药。 有证据表明,丁苯那嗪治疗 2 年以上时,大多数 Tourette 综合征患者抽搐症状有所缓解。[82]Porta M, Sassi M, Cavallazzi M, et al. Tourette's syndrome and role of tetrabenazine: review and personal experience. Clin Drug Investig. 2008;28(7):443-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18544005?tool=bestpractice.com功能和症状的改善:有低质量的证据表明,Tourette 综合征患者用丁苯那嗪治疗超过 2 年时,> 80% 的患者的功能和相关症状得到缓解。[82]Porta M, Sassi M, Cavallazzi M, et al. Tourette's syndrome and role of tetrabenazine: review and personal experience. Clin Drug Investig. 2008;28(7):443-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18544005?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。目前已报告丁苯那嗪可引起迟发性综合征,还可能导致出现抑郁和自杀意念。[83]Guay DR. Tetrabenazine, a monoamine-depleting drug used in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010 Aug;8(4):331-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20869622?tool=bestpractice.com
托吡酯可能是治疗并发肥胖(由于该药物对体重的潜在影响很小)、睡眠困难或偏头痛患者的有效替代药。[84]Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J. Topiramate in treatment of Tourette syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Jan-Feb;33(1):32-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935407?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Yang CS, Zhang LL, Zeng LN, et al. Topiramate for Tourette's syndrome in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 2013 Nov;49(5):344-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139534?tool=bestpractice.com 为限制副作用,建议以夜间低剂量开始治疗,并以非常缓慢的速度增加剂量。一些患者对非常低的剂量有反应,但其他患者可能需较高的剂量。
一些小型研究和指南支持使用巴氯芬治疗抽搐性运动障碍,但缺乏有力的证据。[86]Pringsheim T, Doja A, Gorman D, et al. Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of tic disorders: pharmacotherapy. Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;57(3):133-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22397999?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Singer HS, Wendlandt J, Krieger M, et al. Baclofen treatment in Tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Neurology. 2001 Mar 13;56(5):599-604.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11245709?tool=bestpractice.com 巴氯芬相对安全,并与其他抽搐治疗药物的作用机制不同。尤其适用于肌张力障碍抽搐或“拉伸型”抽搐。由于巴氯芬的镇静作用,应在夜间首次给药,并根据需要增加白天给药。
苯二氮卓类(例如氯硝西泮)已被报道能有效治疗抽搐性运动障碍。[88]Gonce M, Barbeau A. Seven cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: partial relief with clonazepam: a pilot study. Can J Neurol Sci. 1977 Nov;4(4):279-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/271517?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,并无系统性研究支持这种药物的使用,还应考虑该药的潜在耐受性和/或滥用。
并发 ADHD 或 OCD 的患者:非妊娠
识别和治疗合并症(其中常见的是 ADHD 和 OCD)非常重要。 在涉及 186 名患者的观察性研究中,未发现抽搐的严重性和行为症状的频率之间存在线性关系。[89]Rosenberg LA, Brown J, Singer HS. Behavioral problems and severity of tics. J Clin Psychol. 1995 Nov;51(6):760-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8778123?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,对许多患者而言,治疗并解决其合并症可能比单独控制抽搐更有帮助。 若行为问题非常显著,恰当的做法是转诊至儿童心理学家和精神病学家。 习惯消除训练由心理学家和其他训练有素的治疗师进行,已被报道能有效治疗抽搐性运动障碍。[57]Dopfner M, Rothenberger A. Behavior therapy in tic disorders with co-existing ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;16 (Suppl 1):89-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17665287?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Piacentini J, Woods DW, Scahill L, et al. Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 May 19;303(19):1929-37.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2993317/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483969?tool=bestpractice.com 有关 ADHD 治疗的更多详情请登录本网站儿童版块中的 ADHD 页面查看详细信息。
需注意的是,无证据表明在 ADHD 和抽搐儿童中使用兴奋剂始终会增加儿童抽搐的发病率,但个别患者可能会出现该副作用。[90]Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T. Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 26;(6):CD007990.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29944175?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;48(9):884-93.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943246/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625978?tool=bestpractice.com抽搐的发病率:有中等质量的证据表明,与对照组相比,使用兴奋剂治疗 ADHD 和抽搐患者时,抽搐无显著增加。[92]Erenberg G. The relationship between Tourette syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and stimulant medication: a critical review. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2005 Dec;12(4):217-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780292?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 若担心抽搐加重,可能需调整用药。 可能需替换 ADHD 的治疗药物。 托莫西汀 抽搐和 ADHD 症状的改善:有中等质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,使用托莫西汀对 ADHD 和 Tourette 综合征,或 ADHD 和慢性抽搐性运动障碍的患者进行治疗时,抽搐和 ADHD 症状显著改善。[93]Allen AJ, Kurlan RM, Gilbert DL, et al. Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid tic disorder. Neurology. 2005 Dec 27;65(12):1941-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380617?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 已被报道能有效治疗抽动障碍儿童的 ADHD。[90]Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T. Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 26;(6):CD007990.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29944175?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;48(9):884-93.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943246/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625978?tool=bestpractice.com α-2 肾上腺素受体激动剂氯压定和胍法辛也已用于治疗 ADHD 儿童的抽动。[90]Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T. Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 26;(6):CD007990.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29944175?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;48(9):884-93.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943246/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625978?tool=bestpractice.com
现据报告,选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI),例如氟西汀或舍曲林,能有效治疗 OCD 和相关的 Tourette 综合征。[94]Scahill L, Riddle MA, King RA, et al. Fluoxetine has no marked effect on tic symptoms in patients with Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1997 Summer;7(2):75-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334893?tool=bestpractice.com 但也有相反的研究显示,使用 SSRI 开始治疗后,抽搐症状出现恶化。[95]Rua A, Damásio J. Tics induced by sertraline: case report and literature review. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2014 Sep;1(3):243-4.
除抽搐症状外,约 25% 患者同时具有 ADHD 和 OCD。[96]Fernández-Alvarez E. Comorbid disorders associated with tics [in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2002 Feb;34 (Suppl 1):S122-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12447802?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗以患者主导,由患者病情决定优先关注并治疗何种症状。 对于这些疾病,上述任何药物均无禁忌症。 应根据每个患者的需要决定治疗方案。
患者存在对典型的口服药物或行为疗法无效的症状:非妊娠
若典型口服药治疗或行为疗法不能充分缓解症状,可能考虑注射肉毒毒素(A 型肉毒毒素)。此种治疗特别适用于单纯局灶性运动性抽动和单纯发声性抽动且对口服药物治疗无效的患者。累及多个肌群的复杂抽动患者不适合该疗法。应直接向受累肌肉进行注射。证据显示,与安慰剂相比,对简单的动作抽动患者注射肉毒杆菌可显著减少抽动和先兆冲动。抽搐的频率:有中等质量的证据表明,注射 A 型肉毒杆菌毒素对简单动作抽搐的患者治疗 2 周后,抽搐显著减少(试验组减少率为 39%,安慰剂组为 6%)。[97]Marras C, Andrews D, Sime E, et al. Botulinum toxin for simple motor tics: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Neurology. 2001 Mar 13;56(5):605-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11245710?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 需转诊至运动障碍专家。
脑深部电刺激适用于其他治疗无效和严重致残性抽动患者(即无法完成日常活动,例如上学或工作,或有重伤的风险)。已发表的许多小的病例系列报告和交叉研究结果显示,通过对几处脑部目标位置(例如内侧苍白球、伏隔核、丘脑)的刺激可获得较好的整体效果。虽然一些患者对其完全无反应并且已经注意到有更高的伴发感染率,但是大多数患者的抽动具有明显改善。[98]Kuhn J, Gründler TO, Lenartz D, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Feb;107(7):105-13.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835924/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20221269?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Nangunoori R, Tomycz ND, Quigley M, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric diseases: a pooled analysis of published studies employing disease-specific standardized outcome scales. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2013;91(6):345-54.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/351156http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107902?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Almeida L, Martinez-Ramirez D, Rossi PJ, et al. Chasing tics in the human brain: development of open, scheduled and closed loop responsive approaches to deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome. J Clin Neurol. 2015 Apr;11(2):122-31.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387477/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25851890?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Bour LJ, Ackermans L, Foncke EM, et al. Tic related local field potentials in the thalamus and the effect of deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome: report of three cases. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Aug;126(8):1578-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25435514?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Sachdev PS, Mohan A, Cannon E, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the antero-medial globus pallidus interna for Tourette syndrome. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 19;9(8):e104926.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0104926http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25136825?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Rossi J, Shute J, Gunduz A, et al. Fewer than two hours of daily centromedian thalamic stimulation produces significant tic reduction in Tourette syndrome: two-year follow-up of a personalized, scheduled DBS duty cycle strategy. Neurology. 2015 April;84(14 Suppl):S32.抽搐的减少:有低质量的证据表明,深部脑刺激在治疗顽固性 Tourette 综合征时,能显著减少抽搐症状。[104]Ackermans L, Temel Y, Cath D, et al. Deep brain stimulation in Tourette's syndrome: two targets? Mov Disord. 2006 May;21(5):709-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16463374?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Welter ML, Mallet L, Houeto JL, et al. Internal pallidal and thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2008 Jul;65(7):952-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18625864?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 在某些病例中,除抽动症状外,共病(OCD、ADHD 和/或情绪障碍)已有缓解。[98]Kuhn J, Gründler TO, Lenartz D, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Feb;107(7):105-13.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835924/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20221269?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Schrock LE, Mink JW, Woods DW, et al; Tourette Syndrome Association International Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Database and Registry Study Group. Tourette syndrome deep brain stimulation: a review and updated recommendations. Mov Disord. 2015 Apr;30(4):448-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25476818?tool=bestpractice.com
孕妇抽搐的管理
应对患者及其家属进行相关的疾病教育。 若患者的症状明显影响日常活动,应考虑进行行为疗法和药物干预。 若需治疗,应保证转诊到运动障碍专科和高危产科。