任何增加中枢神经系统 (CNS) 突触内 5-羟色胺浓度的药物均可能导致发生 5-羟色胺中毒。[1]Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1112-1120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784664?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Isbister GK, Buckley NA. The pathophysiology of serotonin toxicity in animals and humans: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28:205-214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239759?tool=bestpractice.com此类药物包括治疗目的是增加 CNS 5-羟色胺水平的药物(例如抗抑郁药),以及意外发生中毒的药物(例如阿片类镇痛药)。与 5-羟色胺中毒相关的药物如下。由于新药不断进入市场,所以此列表并不详尽。[4]Dunkley EJ, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, et al. The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJM. 2003;96:635-642.http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/9/635.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12925718?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Taylor JJ, Wilson JW, Estes LL. Linezolid and serotonergic drug interactions: a retrospective survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:180-187.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/2/180.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16779744?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Stanford SC, Stanford BJ, Gillman PK. Risk of severe serotonin toxicity following co-administration of methylene blue and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an update on a case report of post-operative delirium. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24:1433-1438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423610?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Gelener P, Gorgulu U, Kutlu G, et al. Serotonin syndrome due to duloxetine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34:127-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21586918?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Kirschner R, Donovan JW. Serotonin syndrome precipitated by fentanyl during procedural sedation. J Emerg Med. 2010;38:477-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18757161?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Monte AA, Chuang R, Bodmer M. Dextromethorphan, chlorphenamine and serotonin toxicity: case report and systematic literature review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;70:794-798.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21175434?tool=bestpractice.com
5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂
选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) ,例如氟西汀,氟伏沙明,帕罗西汀,西酞普兰,舍曲林或艾司西酞普兰
5-羟色胺 - 去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 (SNRI),例如文拉法辛,去甲文拉法辛或度洛西汀
其他抗抑郁药(例如氯米帕明,丙咪嗪)
阿片类镇痛药(例如哌替啶,曲马多,芬太尼和右美沙芬)
圣约翰草
单胺氧化酶抑制剂 (MAOI)
苯乙肼,反苯环丙胺(不可逆)
吗氯贝胺
利奈唑胺
亚甲基蓝(亚甲蓝)
5-羟色胺释放药物
其他
还有大量其他药物可能导致 5-羟色胺中毒,包括某些抗精神病药物(即那些含 5-HT2A 拮抗剂活性的药物)、[15]Isbister GK, Downes F, Whyte IM. Olanzapine and serotonin toxicity. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;57:241-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12667176?tool=bestpractice.com曲普坦类(5-HT1 激动剂)[16]Evans RW, Tepper SJ, Shapiro RE, et al. The FDA alert on serotonin syndrome with use of triptans combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: American Headache Society position paper. Headache. 2010;50:1089-1099.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01691.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20618823?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Sclar DA, Robison LM, Castillo LV, et al. Concomitant use of triptan, and SSRI or SNRI after the US Food and Drug Administration alert on serotonin syndrome. Headache. 2012;52:198-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22289074?tool=bestpractice.com和其他抗抑郁药(例如米氮平)。[18]Isbister GK, Dawson AH, Whyte IM. Comment: serotonin syndrome induced by fluvoxamine and mirtazapine. Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35:1674-1675.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11793645?tool=bestpractice.com但没有足够证据表明这些药物是致中毒药物。
可以通过许多机制增加突触内的 5-羟色胺,包括5-羟色胺的生成增加、5-羟色胺释放和 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制,以及 5-羟色胺代谢的降低(例如单胺氧化酶抑制)。[1]Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1112-1120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784664?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014;348:g1626http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24554467?tool=bestpractice.com
重度 5-羟色胺中毒几乎始终与使用 2 种通过不同机制起效的 5-羟色胺能药物相关。最常见和最经典的药物联用是 SSRI + MAOI。[10]Isbister GK, Hackett LP, Dawson AH, et al. Moclobemide poisoning: toxicokinetics and occurrence of serotonin toxicity. Br J Clin Pharm. 2003;56:441-450.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01895.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12968990?tool=bestpractice.com