在成人中,打鼾是一多因素疾病,致病因素多种多样;因此,绝不会有单一的通用疗法。排除打鼾患者是否存在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 (OSA) 和上气道阻力综合征 (UARS) 非常重要。对于这些疾病,持续正压通气 (CPAP) 是主要治疗方式。
准确评估判定导致患者打鼾的解剖部位对指导治疗必不可少。大部分患者需减肥、戒烟和戒酒。鼻部疾病的治疗和下颌前移矫治器在治疗中也起到重要作用。
对于非 OSA、未超重、保守治疗失败,且具有明确的单一阻塞部位(通常在腭咽层面)的严重打鼾患者,可考虑进行手术。手术选项众多,但一般来说,在进行悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (UPPP) 之前应考虑并发症低的手术,例如鼻腔手术、射频组织消融术 (RFTVR) 和止鼾支架植入,除非患者扁桃体肿大。也可采用其他手术,例如,注射性打鼾成形术、[34]Iseri M, Balcioglu O. Radiofrequency versus injection snoreplasty in simple snoring. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;133:224-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087019?tool=bestpractice.com悬雍垂软腭皮瓣手术、[35]Huntley TC. The uvulopalatal flap. Op Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;11:30-35.舌扁桃体切除术、[36]Robinson S, Ettema SL, Brusky L, et al. Lingual tonsillectomy using bipolar radiofrequency plasma excision. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:328-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16455386?tool=bestpractice.com软腭间断电凝疗法[37]Uppal S, Nadig S, Jones C, et al. A prospective single-blind randomized-controlled trial comparing two surgical techniques for the treatment of snoring: laser palatoplasty versus uvulectomy with punctuate palatal diathermy. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2004;29:254-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15142071?tool=bestpractice.com以及烧灼辅助的软腭硬化术。[38]Pang KP, Terris DJ. Modified cautery-assisted palatal stiffening operation: new method for treating snoring and mild obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136:823-826.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478223?tool=bestpractice.com患者的临床特征和偏好,以及外科医生的培训情况和经验等因素决定了每例患者最适合的手术方式。
儿童治疗不同于成人。变应性鼻炎应予以治疗,且应鼓励和帮助肥胖儿童减肥。鼻用皮质类固醇可改善儿童打鼾。[39]Alexopoulos E, Kaditis AG, Kalampouka E, et al. Nasal corticosteroids for children with snoring. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004;38:161-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15211701?tool=bestpractice.com腺样体扁桃体切除术可能可以治愈打鼾,但目前大部分外科医生均认为,对大部分儿童来说,无 OSA 或 UARS 证据的单纯打鼾是一种良性自限现象,无需治疗,父母予以安慰解释即可。[40]Anuntaseree W, Kuasirikul S, SuntornlohanakuI S. Natural history of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea in Thai school-age children. Pediatric Pulmonol. 2005;39:415-420.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15786442?tool=bestpractice.com然而,新出现证据表明,有些单纯打鼾且无 OSA 的儿童有认知和行为后遗症。[41]O'Brien LM, Mervis CB, Holbrook CR, et al. Neurobehavioral implications of habitual snoring in children. Pediatrics. 2004;114:44-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231906?tool=bestpractice.com即使这样,目前建议对单纯打鼾的儿童进行手术的外科医生仍不多。然而,如果有其他手术指征(例如,反复扁桃体炎或腺样体肥大导致的鼻塞),则可通过腺样体切除术或扁桃体切除术或腺样体扁桃体切除进行有效治疗。
一般措施
可告知单纯打鼾患者,无证据表明其可引起长期健康风险。对某些患者来说,安慰解释足够了,而有些患者需要进一步治疗。
如果患者的 BMI 超过 25,则减轻体重非常重要。还应建议患者避免饮酒、吸烟和使用镇静剂。如果患者在平躺时出现鼻充血,则可建议其睡觉时抬高头部以减少静水压性充血。如果仰卧时打鼾加剧,可采取一些简单措施,例如,将卷起的袜子塞到睡衣背面或前后反穿带胸袋的 T 恤并在口袋内放一个小物体(例如,壁球)以阻止睡觉时背部平躺。如果打鼾只影响到伴侣,则可使用耳塞或耳罩来减少打鼾音量。[42]Robertson S, Loughran S, MacKenzie K. Ear protection as a treatment for disruptive snoring: do ear plugs really work? J Laryngol Otol. 2006;120:381-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16696877?tool=bestpractice.com
声称可降低打鼾声级的可用方法很多。但随机对照试验已表明,润滑咽喉的喷剂、鼻腔扩张贴以及符合人体工程学形状的枕头均无效果。[32]Michaelson PG, Mair EA. Popular snore aids: do they work? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:649-658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15195048?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Wijewickrama RC, Blalock D, Mims JW. Study of lubricant-induced changes in chronic snorers (SLICCS). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131:606-609.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15523434?tool=bestpractice.com口咽部锻炼可能有一些益处,但作用有限。[44]Ieto V, Kayamori F, Montes MI, et al. Effects of oropharyngeal exercises on snoring: a randomized trial. Chest. 2015;148:683-691.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369215506466http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25950418?tool=bestpractice.com
鼻腔治疗
鼻腔横切面面积减少可增加鼻腔气流阻力,导致口咽和下咽吸气时塌陷。[45]Cole P, Haight JS. Mechanisms of nasal obstruction in sleep. Laryngoscope. 1984;94:1557-1559.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6390041?tool=bestpractice.com临床报告称鼻塞可导致打鼾,但鼻腔气道在其发病机制中的具体作用尚不清楚。[46]Dayal VS, Phillipson EA. Nasal surgery in the treatment of sleep apnea. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1985;94:550-554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4073731?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Papsidero MJ. The role of nasal obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Ear Nose Throat J. 1993;72:82-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8444135?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Miljeteig H, Hoffstein V, Cole P. The effect of unilateral and bilateral nasal obstruction on snoring and sleep apnea. Laryngoscope. 1992;102:1150-1152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1405965?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者同时主诉鼻塞和打鼾,则鼻腔治疗可改善其打鼾。
研究报告的应用鼻扩张贴(大部分非处方药店均有售)的主观疗效感觉表明,鼻扩张器可减少打鼾、改善睡眠质量,[49]Hoijer U, Ejnell H, Hedner J, et al. The effects of nasal dilation on snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:281-284.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1554449?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Ulfberg J, Fenton G. Effect of Breathe Right nasal strip on snoring. Rhinology. 1997;35:50-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9299650?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Petruson B. Snoring can be reduced when the nasal airflow is increased by the nasal dilator Nozovent. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116:462-464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2317330?tool=bestpractice.com但仍缺少客观评估结果或不那么令人信服,且无疗效突出的扩张器。[52]Metes A, Cole P, Hoffstein V, et al. Nasal airway dilation and obstructed breathing in sleep. Laryngoscope. 1992;102:1053-1055.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1518352?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Hoffstein V, Mateika S, Metes A. Effect of nasal dilation on snoring and apneas during different stages of sleep. Sleep. 1993;16:360-365.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8141871?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Scharf MB, McDannold MD, Zaretsky NT, et al. Cyclic alternating pattern sequences in non-apneic snorers with and without nasal dilation. Ear Nose Throat J. 1996;75:617-619.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8870368?tool=bestpractice.com对于变应性鼻炎患者用鼻用皮质类固醇治疗,其睡眠障碍和白天疲乏有改善的趋势。[55]Craig TJ, Teets S, Lehman EB, et al. Nasal congestion secondary to allergic rhinitis as a cause of sleep disturbance and daytime fatigue and the response to topical nasal corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101:633-637.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9600500?tool=bestpractice.com对于上呼吸道感染相关的短暂打鼾,可考虑短期使用鼻减充血剂(例如,局部用羟甲唑啉)。手术矫正鼻中隔偏曲、鼻甲肥大以及切除鼻息肉均可通过解除鼻塞来改善打鼾,尽管无法保证一定能改善。[21]Ellis PD, Harries ML, Ffowcs Williams JE, et al. The relief of snoring by nasal surgery. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1992;17:525-527.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1493630?tool=bestpractice.com因鼻甲肥大导致的鼻塞可通过烧灼、激光、射频、部分切除和鼻甲外侧骨折方法解决。[56]Willatt D. The evidence for reducing inferior turbinates. Rhinology. 2009;47:227-236.http://www.rhinologyjournal.com/Rhinology_issues/783.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839242?tool=bestpractice.com如果 BMI 低于 28,则打鼾更有可能通过手术得到改善。[57]Rollheim J, Miljeteig H, Osnes T. Body mass index less than 28 kg/m2 is a predictor of subjective improvement after laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:411-414.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10089967?tool=bestpractice.com[58]D'Souza A, Hassan S, Morgan D. Recent advances in surgery for snoring-somnoplasty (radiofrequency palatoplasty) a pilot study: effectiveness and acceptability. Eur Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 2000;121:111-115.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10997071?tool=bestpractice.com
对于儿童来说,鼻用皮质类固醇可使腺样体变小,改善打鼾症状。[9]Kubba H. A child who snores. Clin Otolaryngol. 2006;31:317-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16911651?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Alexopoulos E, Kaditis AG, Kalampouka E, et al. Nasal corticosteroids for children with snoring. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004;38:161-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15211701?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Zhang L, Mendoza-Sassi RA, César JA, et al. Intranasal corticosteroids for nasal airway obstruction in children with moderate to severe adenoidal hypertrophy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD006286.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006286.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646145?tool=bestpractice.com
下颌前移矫治器 (Mandibular advancement splint, MAS)
该矫治器通常由牙科医生或颌面外科医生安装在口腔,整夜佩戴。它与成对的上下护齿相似,并以此方式保持下颌骨向前。这样舌根将被向前牵拉,从而扩大口咽气道。因此,MAS 主要用于打鼾发生于舌根层面的患者。MAS 仅对上下颌长有足够数量的牙齿的患者有效,通常不适合装有假牙或齿列不齐的患者。
一项比较 MAS 与安慰剂用于治疗单纯打鼾的随机对照临床试验显示,MAS 使 76% 的患者的打鼾频率以及 84% 的患者的打鼾严重程度得到主观改善。[60]Johnston CD, Gleadhill IC, Cinnamond MJ, et al. Oral appliances for the management of severe snoring: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23:127-134.http://ejo.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/23/2/127http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11398550?tool=bestpractice.com另一项随机对照试验显示,使用热塑性 MAS 治疗的 3 名打鼾者中有 2 名获得疗效,并改善伴侣的睡眠状况和白天疲累。[61]Cooke ME, Battagel JM. A thermoplastic mandibular advancement device for the management of non-apnoeic snoring: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28:327-338.http://ejo.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/28/4/327http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16772315?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,一篇综述表明,与安慰剂对比,MAS 只能降低 38% 非 OSA 打鼾患者的打鼾响度,改善 54% 打鼾患者伴侣的睡眠障碍。[62]Aarts MC, Rovers MM, van der Heijden GJ, et al. The value of a mandibular repositioning appliance for the treatment of nonapneic snoring. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;144:170-173.
该治疗相对简单,具有可逆性、成本较低,且是手术风险承受能力低的患者的真正非手术选择。患者颌部可能会发生一些轻微并发症,如口腔或牙齿疼痛、牙齿咬合发生变化。
软腭植入
为提供一次性治疗、研发了基于门诊的手术软腭植入。目的是在硬腭和软腭结合处的附近放置 3 个植入体,进而将硬腭的硬性扩展至软腭。这有助于减少软腭振动和颤振,因而减小打鼾的声音。[2]Savage CR, Steward DL. Snoring: a critical analysis of current treatment modalities. Does anything really work? Curr Opinion Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;15:177-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483686?tool=bestpractice.com88% 的患者(联合其他手术)以及 79% 仅使用软腭植入的患者的打鼾可得到改善。[63]Friedman M, Vidyasagar R, Bliznikas D, et al. Patient selection and efficacy of pillar implant technique for treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:187-196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16455363?tool=bestpractice.com长期结果显示,360 天后视觉模拟量表 (visual analogue scale, VAS) 打鼾分数从 7.1 降至 4.8,其中 80% 的患者和 71% 的床伴对此干预满意。[64]Nordgard S, Stene BK, Skjostad KW, et al. Palatal implants for the treatment of snoring: long-term results. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:558-564.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564372?tool=bestpractice.com一项有关打鼾患者的meta 分析研究发现,用软腭植入治疗后,打鼾响度(床伴根据 VAS 打分)下降的标准化平均差为 -0.591 (p<0.001);研究者认为该方法对打鼾中度有效。[65]Choi JH, Kim SN, Cho JH. Efficacy of the pillar implant in the treatment of snoring and mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:269-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22865236?tool=bestpractice.com该手术相对昂贵,且可能会出现植入体脱出现象。
软腭和舌根的射频治疗
射频是通过治疗针刺入软腭黏膜下进行治疗。这会导致瘢痕形成,使软腭变硬,减少振动。此外,还有减容作用。[66]Sandhu GS, Vatts A, Whinney D, et al. Somnoplasty for simple snoring: a pilot study. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2003;28:425-429.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12969345?tool=bestpractice.com该技术的主要好处有,它可作为日间手术或门诊手术在局部麻醉下进行,术后疼痛和其他并发症明显少于悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (UPPP) 或悬雍垂腭成形术 (UVPP)。减少打鼾:有中等质量的证据表明,软腭射频可显著降低主观打鼾,可将打鼾降至可接受水平。22 篇发表论文的综述,大部分为前瞻性非对照临床试验,显示软腭射频可显著降低主观打鼾,可将打鼾降至可接受水平。[67]Stuck BA, Maurer JT, Hein G, et al. Radiofrequency surgery of the soft palate in the treatment of snoring: a review of the literature. Sleep. 2004;27:551-555.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15164913?tool=bestpractice.com随后一项随机、安慰剂对照研究显示,与安慰剂相比,射频热消融 (RFTA) 治疗可显著降低程度,具有统计学意义;RFTA 组视觉模拟量表 (VAS) 评分从 8.1 降为 5.2,而安慰剂组仅从 8.4 降至 8.0。[68]Stuck BA, Sauter A, Hormann K, et al. Radiofrequency surgery of the soft palate in the treatment of snoring. A placebo-controlled trial. Sleep. 2005;28:847-850.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124664?tool=bestpractice.com也有证据显示,软腭射频可客观降低 SNAP 记录仪上的打鼾音量,平均强度从 12 dB 降至 8 dB(SNAP 记录仪应用连接于口鼻导管上的扩音器来记录评估打鼾音量)。[69]Johnson JT, Vates J, Wagner RL. Reduction of snoring with a plasma-mediated radiofrequency-based ablation (Coblation) device. Ear Nose Throat J. 2008;87:40-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18357947?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
初步成果非常鼓舞人心,BMI 低于 25 的患者中有 82% 的患者的 VAS 打鼾分数降低。但对于 BMI 超过 30 的患者仅有31%打鼾分数降低。[58]D'Souza A, Hassan S, Morgan D. Recent advances in surgery for snoring-somnoplasty (radiofrequency palatoplasty) a pilot study: effectiveness and acceptability. Eur Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 2000;121:111-115.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10997071?tool=bestpractice.com可用于多点重复治疗。治疗病变部位越多,治疗重复的次数越多,结局就越好。[70]Ferguson M, Smith TL, Zanation AM, et al. Radiofrequency tissue volume reduction: multilesion vs single lesion treatments for snoring. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127:1113-1118.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/127/9/1113http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11556863?tool=bestpractice.com
射频还可在局部麻醉下治疗舌根部位,并已有证据显示舌根射频治疗可降低 VAS 打鼾分数,但未达到患者满意程度。[71]Welt S, Maurer JT, Hormann K, et al. Radiofrequency surgery of the tongue base in the treatment of snoring-a pilot study. Sleep Breathing. 2007;11:39-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17115226?tool=bestpractice.com然而,可能需要重复治疗才能取得显著的临床改善。据报道,并发症发生率为 2%,包括舌根或软腭溃疡、吞咽困难、暂时性舌下神经麻痹以及舌根脓肿。[72]Stuck BA, Starzak K, Verse T, et al. Complications of temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction for sleep-disordered breathing. Acta Otolaryngol. 2003;123:532-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12797590?tool=bestpractice.com四种可用的射频治疗仪的效果和安全性相当。[73]Blumen MB, Chalumeau F, Gauthier A, et al. Comparative study of four radiofrequency generators for the treatment of snoring. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;138:294-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18312874?tool=bestpractice.com
激光-或射频-辅助的悬雍垂腭成形术 (UVPP)
该手术可在局部或全身麻醉下进行。传统用激光治疗。激光将悬雍垂汽化,并在悬雍垂底部两侧的软腭重建凹槽以形成新悬雍垂。该技术可有多种变化,但一般原理是使软腭变硬,因而将软腭振动引起的打鼾响度降至最低。[1]Gleeson M, Ed. Scott-Brown's otorhinolaryngology: head and neck surgery. 7th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2008: 2305-2339.
短期和长期疗效与 UPPP 相似,但随着时间的推移,效果会明显下降,早期的成功率为 74%-79%,远期成功率为 55%。[74]Berger G, Finkelstein Y, Stein G, et al. Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring: medium- to long-term subjective and objective analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127:412-417.http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/127/4/412http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11296050?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Iyngkaran T, Kanagalingam J, Rajeswaran R, et al. Long-term outcomes of laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty in 168 patients with snoring. J Laryngol Otol. 2006;120:932-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17040580?tool=bestpractice.com偶尔地,疤痕过度形成和腭咽间隙收缩可能会导致鼻呼吸功能和打鼾恶化。[76]Marais J, Armstrong MW. Effect of laser uvulopalatoplasty on middle ear function. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:1947-1949.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591352?tool=bestpractice.com
射频是一种相对较新的技术,经由探头传递低温射频能量。射频-辅助的悬雍垂腭成形术与激光-辅助的悬雍垂腭成形术 (LAUP)的手术方法相同,但换用射频替代激光。据报道,射频-辅助的悬雍垂腭成形术可显著降低术后疼痛和并发症,而同时具有LAUP 的优点。[77]Lim DJ, Kang SH, Kim BH, et al. Treatment of primary snoring using radiofrequency-assisted uvulopalatoplasty. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;264:761-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17294204?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Belloso A, Morar P, Tahery J, et al. Randomized-controlled study comparing post-operative pain between coblation palatoplasty and laser palatoplasty. Clin Otolaryngol. 2006;31:138-143.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16620334?tool=bestpractice.com
悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (UPPP)
在全身麻醉下进行手术,涉及扁桃体切除术和悬雍垂切除。然后将扁桃体腭咽弓缝合在一起。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 扁桃体肥大、腭咽弓后突出和悬雍垂肥大导致口咽狭窄由 Showkat Mirza 博士提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 悬雍垂腭咽成形术切除扁桃体和悬雍垂,并缝合悬雍垂残端和腭咽弓,扩大口咽入口由 Showkat Mirza 博士提供;经许可后使用 [Citation ends]. 该手术的效果是通过瘢痕形成使软腭变硬和扩大软腭后间隙以最大程度减少阻塞。并发症包括术后严重疼痛、出血、过度切除软腭导致的鼻腔反流、咽干、吞咽问题以及声音变化。[1]Gleeson M, Ed. Scott-Brown's otorhinolaryngology: head and neck surgery. 7th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2008: 2305-2339.严格筛选的患者组的短期成功率为 65%-100%;而远期成功率则显著下降至 45%。[79]Tytherleigh MG, Thomas MA, Connolly AA, et al. Patients' and partners' perceptions of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring. J Otolaryngol. 1999;28:73-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10212872?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Fernandez Julian E, Esparcia Navarro M, Garcia Callejo FJ, et al. Clinical and functional analysis of long term results of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Acta Otorrhinolaringol Esp. 2002;53:269-280.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12185904?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Hicklin LA, Tostevin P, Dasan S. Retrospective survey of long-term results and patient satisfaction with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring. J Laryngol Otol. 2000;114:675-681.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11091829?tool=bestpractice.com扁桃体较大(3或4度)、舌体较小(1或 2 度),且 BMI 较低者的治疗结果最好。BMI 超过 40 的患者一般无疗效。[82]Friedman M. Prognostic indicators for successful uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Sleep. 2000;23:A268.
扁桃体切除术和腺样体切除术
对于大部分单纯打鼾且无 OSA 或 UARS的儿童,通常不考虑进行手术治疗。然而,如果有其他手术指征(例如,反复扁桃体炎或腺样体肥大导致的鼻塞),则可通过腺样体切除术或扁桃体切除术或两者联合切除进行有效治疗。
对于大部分有 OSA 的儿童,腺样体扁桃体切除术可改善经多导睡眠描记术测定的呼吸参数和生活质量,尽管两者之间的相关性甚微。[83]Mitchell RB. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children: outcome evaluated by pre- and postoperative polysomnography. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:1844-1854.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17721406?tool=bestpractice.com术前严重 OSA,腺样体扁桃体切除术后 OSA 持续存在。腺样体扁桃体切除术后仍有症状的,例如打鼾和观察到呼吸暂停的患者,与术后 OSA 持续存在有关联。[83]Mitchell RB. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children: outcome evaluated by pre- and postoperative polysomnography. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:1844-1854.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17721406?tool=bestpractice.com
持续正压通气治疗 (CPAP)
睡眠时佩戴密封面罩(应用正压通气)可防止上气道塌陷,从而防止气道梗阻和打鼾。这是成人 UARS 或 OSA的一线治疗。
CPAP 也可有效治疗有 OSA 的儿童,但一般仅适合有腺样体扁桃体切除术禁忌或术后失败的患儿。[84]Chan J, Edman JC, Koltai PJ. Obstructive sleep apnea in children. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69:1147-1154.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040301/1147.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15023015?tool=bestpractice.com约 20% 的儿童难以忍受 CPAP。由于儿童成长迅速,因此需要密切随访,且必须至少每 6 个月应调整一次面罩。