口臭是由于呼出的气体中含有难闻的挥发性化合物。[1]Sanz M, Roldan S, Herrera D. Fundamentals of breath malodour. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2001;2:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167916?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257-261.http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-66/issue-5/257.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10833869?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Tessier JF, Kulkarni GV. Bad breath: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Oral Health. 1991;81:19-22, 24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1824429?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Rosenberg M, Knaan T, Cohen D. Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake. J Dent Res. 2007;86:997-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17890678?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990322?tool=bestpractice.com在大多数情况下,异味化合物由口腔、鼻咽、呼吸道及上消化道表面积累的细菌产生。[12]Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, van Steenberghe D, et al. Multidisciplinary breath-odour clinic. Lancet. 1997;350:187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9250193?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Moshkowitz M, Horowitz N, Leshno M, et al. Halitosis and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a possible association. Oral Dis. 2007;13:581-585.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17944676?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Rio AC, Franchi-Texeira AR, Nicola EM. Relationship between the presence of tonsilloliths and halitosis in patients with chronic caseous tonsillitis. Br Dent J. 2008;204:E4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037821?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Scully C, Greenman J. Halitology (breath odour: aetiopathogenesis and management). Oral Dis. 2012;18:333-345.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277019?tool=bestpractice.com通常涉及挥发性硫化物 (Volatile sulfur compoundsm, VSC)、二胺及短链脂肪酸。[1]Sanz M, Roldan S, Herrera D. Fundamentals of breath malodour. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2001;2:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167916?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257-261.http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-66/issue-5/257.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10833869?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Tessier JF, Kulkarni GV. Bad breath: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Oral Health. 1991;81:19-22, 24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1824429?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Rosenberg M, Knaan T, Cohen D. Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake. J Dent Res. 2007;86:997-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17890678?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990322?tool=bestpractice.com
数种口腔细菌(主要是革兰阴性的厌氧菌)之间的相互作用更易导致异味化合物的产生。[16]Awano S, Gohara K, Kurihara E, et al. The relationship between the presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria in saliva and halitosis. Int Dent J. 2002;52:212-216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12090455?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Morita M, Wang HL. Association between oral malodor and adult periodontitis: a review. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28:813-819.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11493349?tool=bestpractice.com
一些食物(如洋葱、大蒜、卤制食品、榴莲果)、具有二甲基硫结构的药物以及少见的像一些全身性疾病可以导致异味物质进入血液循环,并且经肺泡气体交换系统通过呼吸呼出(也称为血源性口臭)。[1]Sanz M, Roldan S, Herrera D. Fundamentals of breath malodour. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2001;2:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167916?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257-261.http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-66/issue-5/257.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10833869?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Tessier JF, Kulkarni GV. Bad breath: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Oral Health. 1991;81:19-22, 24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1824429?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Rosenberg M, Knaan T, Cohen D. Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake. J Dent Res. 2007;86:997-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17890678?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990322?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Mudd SH, Levy HL, Tangerman A, et al. Isolated persistent hypermethioninemia. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57:882-892.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1801505/pdf/ajhg00036-0146.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7573050?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Mitchell, S. Trimethylaminuria (fish-odour syndrome) and oral malodour. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S10-S13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752091?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Murata T, Fujiyama Y, Yamaga T, et al. Breath malodor in an asthmatic patient caused by side-effects of medication: a case report and review of the literature. Oral Dis. 2003;9:273-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14628896?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Porter SR. Diet and halitosis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14:463-468.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673571?tool=bestpractice.com
全身疾病包括:[18]Mudd SH, Levy HL, Tangerman A, et al. Isolated persistent hypermethioninemia. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57:882-892.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1801505/pdf/ajhg00036-0146.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7573050?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Mitchell, S. Trimethylaminuria (fish-odour syndrome) and oral malodour. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S10-S13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752091?tool=bestpractice.com
控制欠佳的糖尿病导致酮味性口臭(现代少见)
肾衰竭导致的尿毒症性口臭
肝脏疾病导致的肝病性口臭
三甲基色氨酸血症(臭鱼综合征)
高蛋氨酸血症