依据病因治疗口臭。大多数口臭患者均有口腔原因。治疗措施主要是针对减少食物残渣堆积及产异味口腔细菌。
身体健康的一过性轻度口臭患者需要加强口腔卫生,包括轻刮舌面及使用抗菌漱口水。由于进食某些食物(如大蒜)导致含硫的挥发性物质由肺排出所产生的暂时性口臭并不能单单通过提高口腔卫生而改善。对于这些患者,需要调节饮食来降低呼吸中异味性气体的浓度。[30]Hasler WL. Garlic breath explained: why brushing your teeth won't help. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:1248-1250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10535893?tool=bestpractice.com
由牙疾病导致的持续性口臭则需要牙科治疗,包括药物或手术干预。
由鼻咽、上呼吸道及消化道疾病导致的口臭可通过治疗相关疾病而改善。
口腔卫生措施(物理性)
牙齿清洁是有效的去除牙菌斑的物理方法,包括刷牙及牙线剔牙。类似地,义齿也需要彻底清洁,尽管目前并没有有效的清洁方法可以减轻义齿相关口臭。[31]de Souza RF, de Freitas Oliveira Paranhos H, Lovato da Silva CH, et al. Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD007395.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007395.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821412?tool=bestpractice.com
口腔卫生措施(化学性)
建议使用漱口水,其可通过减少口腔细菌量或相关异味性物质从而减轻口臭。[11]Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990322?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Blom T, Slot DE, Quirynen M, et al. The effect of mouthrinses on oral malodor: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2012;10:209-222.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22429551?tool=bestpractice.com规律使用漱口剂减轻口臭:目前证据尚不足,与对照组相比,规律使用含十六烷基铵基吡啶漱口剂可能在2周时减轻口臭。规律使用含氯化锌漱口剂可能在4周时减轻口臭。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。可惜,漱口剂有效性相关随机对照研究比较少见。
葡萄糖酸氯己定可减少产 VSC 的细菌,[33]Pratten J, Pasu M, Jackson G, et al. Modelling oral malodour in a longitudinal study. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48:737-743.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550375?tool=bestpractice.com因而作为口腔清洗剂或喷雾使用,在减轻口臭方面比单纯提高口腔卫生更有效,可持续数小时。[34]Quirynen M, Mongardini C, van Steenberghe D. The effect of a 1-stage full-mouth disinfection on oral malodor and microbial colonization of the tongue in periodontitis: a pilot study. J Periodontol. 1998;69:374-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9579625?tool=bestpractice.com有研究报道洗必泰锌合剂漱口剂对治疗口臭有效。[35]Thrane PS, Young A, Jonski G, et al. A new mouthwash combining zinc and chlorhexidine in low concentrations provides superior efficacy against halitosis compared to existing formulations: a double-blind clinical study. J Clin Dent. 2007;18:82-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17913002?tool=bestpractice.com洗必泰/氯化十六烷吡啶和乳酸锌亦可减轻口臭。[36]Winkel EG, Roldan S, Van Winkelhoff AJ, et al. Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc-lactate on oral halitosis: a dual-center, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30:300-306.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12694427?tool=bestpractice.com然而,氯己定味道差,太频繁使用可引起口腔黏膜烧灼感,还可使牙齿着色(可逆的),因此患者可能不愿意使用。
三氯苯氧氯酚对挥发性硫化物及抗菌均有作用。漱口剂和牙膏中均含有,可减轻口腔异味。然而,起抗挥发性硫化物作用的物质主要取决于溶质。[37]Young A, Jonski G, Rolla G. A study of triclosan and its solubilizers as inhibitors of oral malodour. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29:1078-1081.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12492907?tool=bestpractice.com三氯苯氧氯酚、多聚物、氯化钠配方产品可有效地减少挥发性硫化物、口腔细菌及口臭。[38]Niles HP, Hunter C, Vazquez J, et al. The clinical comparison of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice vs a breath-freshening dentifrice in reducing breath odor overnight: a crossover study. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S54-S56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557220?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Hu D, Zhang YP, Petrone M, et al. Clinical effectiveness of a triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride dentifrice in controlling oral malodor: a 3-week clinical trial. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S51-S53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752100?tool=bestpractice.com
一种油水两相漱口剂可在数小时内减轻口臭,同时无副作用。[40]Koslovsky A, Goldberg S, Natour I, et al. Efficacy of a 2-phase oil:water mouthrinse in controlling oral malodor, gingivitis, and plaque. J Periodontol. 1996;67:577-582.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8794967?tool=bestpractice.com
其他可在数小时内减轻口臭的配方包括含有氯化十六烷吡啶、二氧化氯及氯化锌的漱口剂,[41]Borden LC, Chaves ES, Bowman JP, et al. The effect of four mouthrinses on oral malodor. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2002;23:531-536.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12789968?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Frascella J, Gilbert RD, Fernandez P, et al. Efficacy of a chlorine dioxide-containing mouthrinse in oral malodor. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000;21:241-244.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11199703?tool=bestpractice.com单次使用漱口剂口臭口臭:目前证据尚不足,与对照组相比,单次使用漱口剂可在使用后1-8小时内减轻口臭程度和不适。单次使用含有氯化十六烷吡啶的漱口剂在使用后4小时内效果优于使用蒸馏水或安慰剂。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。及稳定的氟化亚锡六聚偏磷酸钠(0.454%)。[43]Farrell S, Barker ML, Gerlach RW. Overnight malodor effect with a 0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2007;28:658-661.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186171?tool=bestpractice.com使用加锌洗必泰能有更有效地减少舌微生物及VSCs。[44]Ademovski SE, Persson GR, Winkel E, et al. The short-term treatment effects on the microbiota at the dorsum of the tongue in intra-oral halitosis patients - a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17:463-473.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22573244?tool=bestpractice.com亦可能加强漱口剂的美化效果。[45]Dadamio J, Van Tournout M, Teughels W, et al. Efficacy of different mouthrinse formulations in reducing oral malodour: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:505-513.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23489103?tool=bestpractice.com现已证实含有葡萄糖酸锌和蜂胶的无糖甜点可以减少VSCs(由口气测量仪测定)。[46]Barak S, Katz J. The effect of Breezy candy on halitosis: a double-blind, controlled, and randomized study. Quintessence Int. 2012;43:313-317.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22532945?tool=bestpractice.com
一项先前的研究发现甲硝唑漱口剂可能有效(尚未被其他研究证实)。[47]Louis J, Moyer J, Angelini J, et al. Metronidazole oral rinse helps to alleviate odor associated with oral lesions. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1997;24:1331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9380587?tool=bestpractice.com
舌头清洁
若口臭持续存在,那么舌头可能是口臭来源,有必要定期轻刮舌头进行清洁。[44]Ademovski SE, Persson GR, Winkel E, et al. The short-term treatment effects on the microbiota at the dorsum of the tongue in intra-oral halitosis patients - a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17:463-473.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22573244?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Pham TA, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, et al. Clinical trial of oral malodor treatment in patients with periodontal diseases. J Periodontal Res. 2011;46:722-729.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762407?tool=bestpractice.com这样做的目的是去除嵌塞的食物、脱落细胞及丝状乳头间的细菌,从而降低VSCs的浓度。[11]Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990322?tool=bestpractice.com
舌刮需在晚上进行,用冷水和硬质牙刷或舌刮器均可,但不需要使用牙膏。舌刮短期有效。[11]Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990322?tool=bestpractice.com舌刮并不总是能够减少口腔内推测与口腔异味相关的细菌数量,[44]Ademovski SE, Persson GR, Winkel E, et al. The short-term treatment effects on the microbiota at the dorsum of the tongue in intra-oral halitosis patients - a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17:463-473.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22573244?tool=bestpractice.com也没有关于为减轻口腔异味进行舌刮的最佳频率、持续时间或舌刮方法的相关证据。[49]Kuo YW, Yen M, Fetzer S, et al. Toothbrushing versus toothbrushing plus tongue cleaning in reducing halitosis and tongue coating: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurs Res. 2013;62:422-429.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165218?tool=bestpractice.com有相关研究结果表明添加凝胶如Meridol™(氟化铵/氟化亚锡/乳酸锌)可减轻短期口腔异味(特殊感觉测试评估)及VSCs。[50]Wilhelm D, Himmelmann A, Krause C, et al. Short term clinical efficacy of new meridol HALITOSIS tooth & tongue gel in combination with a tongue cleaner to reduce oral malodor. J Clin Dent. 2013;24:12-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23547489?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Wilhelm D, Himmelmann A, Axmann EM, et al. Clinical efficacy of a new tooth and tongue gel applied with a tongue cleaner in reducing oral halitosis. Quintessence Int. 2012;43:709-718.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23034424?tool=bestpractice.com
美化手段
美化手段,如嚼口香糖、使用芳香喷雾及漱口剂,单次使用漱口剂口臭口臭:目前证据尚不足,与对照组相比,单次使用漱口剂可在使用后1-8小时内减轻口臭程度和不适。单次使用含有氯化十六烷吡啶的漱口剂在使用后4小时内效果优于使用蒸馏水或安慰剂。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。仅仅产生另外一种暂时性掩盖口臭的气味。有报道称一种草本黏着药片可主观上减轻口臭及VSC,尽管维持时间较短。[52]Sterer N, Ovadia O, Weiss EI, et al. Day-long reduction of oral malodor by a palatal mucoadhesive tablet containing herbal formulation. J Breath Res. 2013;7:026004.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23519054?tool=bestpractice.com一种含有厚朴提取物的口香糖可能减轻口腔细菌相关口臭。[53]Greenberg M, Urnezis P, Tian M. Compressed mints and chewing gum containing magnolia bark extract are effective against bacteria responsible for oral malodor. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:9465-9469.http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf072122hhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17949053?tool=bestpractice.com
相关疾病治疗
牙齿/牙周疾病
口腔和口咽疾病
上呼吸道及消化道疾病
引起血源性口臭的疾病
假性口臭的治疗
目前假性口臭仍然很难治疗。患有假性口臭的患者常有复杂的潜在的心理因素,极端情况可出现:
假性口臭患者需要转诊至心理科,以进行进一步的观察和治疗。