TS 的自然进展遵循一个相对可预测的病程,表现为在 3 岁至 8 岁之间运动性抽动发病,随后出现发声性抽动。[2]Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, et al. Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics. 1998;102:14-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9651407?tool=bestpractice.com抽搐通常会因日常环境因素不同而增强或减弱。抽搐通常会在青春期前的童年晚期达到高峰,一般会在青春期期间或之后有所减弱或缓解。[3]Bloch MH, Peterson BS, Scahill L, et al. Adulthood outcome of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children with Tourette syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:65-69.http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/160/1/65http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389213?tool=bestpractice.com一项前瞻性纵向研究随访了 46 名儿童一直到他们 14 岁。这项研究表明,抽搐最严重时期是 10 岁,并且抽搐的严重程度在青春期期间趋于减轻。[3]Bloch MH, Peterson BS, Scahill L, et al. Adulthood outcome of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children with Tourette syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:65-69.http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/160/1/65http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389213?tool=bestpractice.com这些患者中,最严重的 OCD 症状发生于最严重抽搐时期的 2 年后。ADHD 与 TS 患者中的抽搐或 OCD 的出现或严重程度无关。预后影响是儿童晚期抽搐严重程度可适度预测后续生活中的严重程度。[121]Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Stebbins GT, et al. Adult tics in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: description and risk factors. Neurology. 1992;42:784-788.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1565232?tool=bestpractice.com
成年期抽搐严重程度的其他预测指标已有所描述,其中包括女性、[122]Lichter DG, Finnegan SG. Influence of gender on Tourette syndrome beyond adolescence. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30:334-340.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25193042?tool=bestpractice.com更小的尾状核容积和较差的精细运动控制。[123]Hassan N, Cavanna AE. The prognosis of Tourette syndrome: implications for clinical practice. Funct Neurol. 2012;27:23-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812751/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22687163?tool=bestpractice.com
在另一项研究中,虽然 18 岁以下的患者中有 81% 需要用药,但是 18 岁以上的患者中只有 41% 仍然继续服药。[124]Erenberg G, Cruse RP, Rothner AD. The natural history of Tourette syndrome: a follow-up study. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:383-385.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3479043?tool=bestpractice.comADHD 患者出现其他与更多功能缺损相关的行为障碍的几率可能更高。[2]Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, et al. Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics. 1998;102:14-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9651407?tool=bestpractice.com一项近期研究对比了社区中年龄较大的 TS 青少年患者与健康的青少年,发现 TS 患者具有更高的整体精神共病、OCD 和 ADHD 发病率。[125]Gorman DA, Thompson N, Plessen KJ, et al. Psychosocial outcome and psychiatric comorbidity in older adolescents with Tourette syndrome: controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:36-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894981/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592431?tool=bestpractice.com然而,无 ADHD 的 TS 青少年具有更高的严重抑郁发病率。抑郁的存在与 TS 患者的自杀想法和[126]Johnco C, McGuire JF, McBride NM, et al. Suicidal ideation in youth with tic disorders. J Affect Disord. 2016;200:204-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27136419?tool=bestpractice.com[127]Storch EA, Hanks CE, Mink JW, et al. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32:744-753.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25711415?tool=bestpractice.com更差的生活质量相关。[128]Evans J, Seri S, Cavanna AE. The effects of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders on quality of life across the lifespan: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Feb 15 [Epub ahead of print].http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00787-016-0823-8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26880181?tool=bestpractice.com这是否是神经生物学危险因素、慢性疾病的后果、抑或两者兼具,有待于进一步研究。[125]Gorman DA, Thompson N, Plessen KJ, et al. Psychosocial outcome and psychiatric comorbidity in older adolescents with Tourette syndrome: controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:36-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894981/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592431?tool=bestpractice.com然而,整体情形是有利的,到成年早期只有约 20% 的患者还有轻度的导致身体衰弱的抽搐;大多数是轻度抽搐,部分人的症状会缓解。[129]Bruun RD. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. An overview of clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1984;23:126-133.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6585414?tool=bestpractice.com