基本病变是电压门控性钙通道 (VGCC) 被耗尽导致神经传导中断。正常神经传导中,突触前神经末端的去极化引起 VGCC 中钙离子内流,最终导致乙酰胆碱 (acetylcholine, ACh) 的量子释放进入突触间隙。这使得邻近的终板周围肌肉膜产生局部去极化。产生的微终板电位振幅反映了每个 ACh 量子的大小,以及突触后肌肉膜对 ACh 的响应能力。显微生理学检查证实,Lambert-Eaton 肌无力综合征 (LEMS) 患者的微终板电位振幅正常,但是每次神经去极化释放的量子较少。[12]Lambert EH, Elmqvist D. Quantal components of end-plate potentials in the myasthenic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1971;183:183-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4330759?tool=bestpractice.com这一点已使用免疫电子显微镜术从显微结构上进一步阐明。[13]Fukuoka T, Engel AG, Lang B, et al. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: II. Immunoelectric microscopy localization of IgG at the mouse motor end-plate. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:200-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3310854?tool=bestpractice.comVGCC 通常以规则的平行阵列排列在突触前神经端膜上。在 LEMS 中,该模式消失,VGCC 变成聚集状态且数量减少。[14]Fukunaga H, Engel AG, Osame M, et al. Paucity and disorganization of presynaptic membrane active zones in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1982;5:686-697.使用 LEMS 免疫球蛋白治疗的小鼠研究表明,终板电位的量子含量减少,接受治疗的小鼠的突触前膜 VGCC 集群和数量消耗与人类研究中观察到的数据相同。[13]Fukuoka T, Engel AG, Lang B, et al. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: II. Immunoelectric microscopy localization of IgG at the mouse motor end-plate. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:200-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3310854?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Fukunaga H, Engel AG, Lang B, et al. Passive transfer of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome with IgG from man to mouse depletes the presynaptic membrane active zones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983;80:7636-7640.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534395/pdf/pnas00650-0269.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6584877?tool=bestpractice.com
很多证据支持 LEMS 的自身免疫性病因学。首先,使用强的松(泼尼松龙)、血浆置换或静脉注射免疫球蛋白进行自身免疫调节,改善了众多 LEMS 患者的无力症状。[16]Newsom-Davis J. Therapy in myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Semin Neurol. 2003;23:191-198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12894384?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Skeie GO, Apostolski S, Evoli A, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:691-699.http://www.efns.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidline_papers/EFNS_guideline_2006_autoimmune_neuromuscular_transmission_disorders.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834699?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Bain PG, Motomura M, Newsom-Davis J, et al. Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on muscle weakness and calcium-channel autoantibodies in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology. 1996;47:678-683.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8797464?tool=bestpractice.com 其次,免疫球蛋白从 LEMS 患者被动转移至小鼠引起神经肌肉接头中的电生理学和形态学改变与LEMS 患者类似。[14]Fukunaga H, Engel AG, Osame M, et al. Paucity and disorganization of presynaptic membrane active zones in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1982;5:686-697.[15]Fukunaga H, Engel AG, Lang B, et al. Passive transfer of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome with IgG from man to mouse depletes the presynaptic membrane active zones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983;80:7636-7640.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534395/pdf/pnas00650-0269.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6584877?tool=bestpractice.com 最后,P/Q VGCC 已被证明是致病性 LEMS 抗体的靶点,通过抗原调节抑制 VGCC 的表达。[13]Fukuoka T, Engel AG, Lang B, et al. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: II. Immunoelectric microscopy localization of IgG at the mouse motor end-plate. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:200-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3310854?tool=bestpractice.com90% 的非免疫抑制性 LEMS 患者的血清中已被证实存在抗 P/Q VGCC 抗体。[19]Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, et al. Calcium-channel antibodies in the Lambert-Eaton syndrome and other paraneoplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1467-1475.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199506013322203#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7739683?tool=bestpractice.com