念珠菌血培养阳性不应该认为是污染引起,所有病例均需采取抗真菌治疗。[18]Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e1-e50.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/e1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26679628?tool=bestpractice.com在治疗念珠菌血症时,仅移除留置导管是不够的。考虑到系统性念珠菌病的死亡率,必须及时治疗。延迟有效的抗真菌治疗会增加死亡率。[29]Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006:43:25-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16758414?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3640-3645.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16127033http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16127033?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Patel GP, Simon D, Scheetz M, et al. The effect of time to antifungal therapy on mortality in Candidemia associated septic shock. Am J Ther. 2009;16:508-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19531934?tool=bestpractice.com
抗真菌治疗
相比之前可选用的抗真菌治疗只有频繁静脉使用毒性大的两性霉素,现在抗真菌治疗进展显著。临床医生选择抗真菌药物的范围广,虽然效果没有两性霉素B好,但使用方便且安全性较好。
两性霉素B脱氧胆酸盐是之前治疗系统性念珠菌病的标准药物。但是,虽然它在体外起效快且抗菌谱广,对除了葡萄牙念珠菌以外的念珠菌都有效,但是其肾毒性明显且常出现渗出毒性。两性霉素B脂质体已大量取代脱氧胆酸盐制剂,降低了肾毒性,但未完全消除。但是此剂型价格昂贵,虽然毒性较低,在治疗上优势不明显。
氟康唑,唑类抗真菌药,已广泛用于念珠菌病超过15年,具有良好的安全记录及毒性资料。许多大样本研究提示,其应用于非中性粒细胞减少患者时,与多烯类,如两性霉素B,和棘白菌素类相比,具有相同的活性和效果。[32]Rex JH, Pappas PG, Karchmer AW, et al. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1221-1228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12746765?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1325-1330.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/331/20/1325http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7935701?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Pappas PG, et al. Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2472-2482.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/24/2472http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17568028?tool=bestpractice.com在体外实验中,伏立康唑对大多数念珠菌的效果较氟康唑好,且其对氟康唑耐药的克柔念珠菌和部分(<50%)光滑念珠菌有效。其对治疗侵袭性念珠菌病的有效性已在一个大样本量前瞻性随机研究中得到证实。[35]Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M, et al. Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1435-1442.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243088?tool=bestpractice.com尽管如此,在临床使用中,与氟康唑相比体现不出它的优越性。费用较高,毒性方面的优势小,特别是与众多药物相互作用,使伏立康唑只用于氟康唑耐药但伏立康唑敏感患者。
棘白菌素类是由β-1,3葡聚糖(一种真菌细胞壁主要成分)合成的非竞争性抑制剂,[36]Denning DW. Echinocandin antifungal drugs. Lancet. 2003;362:1142-1151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550704?tool=bestpractice.com包括卡泊芬净、阿尼芬净和米卡芬净。它们对所有念珠菌效果好且安全性好。[37]Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, et al; Caspofungin High-Dose Study Group. A Multicenter, double-blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1676-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19419331?tool=bestpractice.com对晚期肾病患者无需调整剂量。对儿科患者,虽然米卡芬净也有很好的效果,但只有卡泊芬净被批准应用于儿科。[38]VandenBussche HL, Van Loo DA. A clinical review of echinocandins in pediatric patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44:166-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009006?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Caudle KE, Inger AG, Butler DR, et al. Echinocandin use in the neonatal intensive care unit. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:108-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22190252?tool=bestpractice.com当怀疑或确诊是克柔念珠菌或光滑念珠菌引起的菌血症,尤其是病情危重,血液动力学不稳定患者,初始治疗更倾向于棘白菌素类而非唑类。[40]Gafter-Gvili A, Vidal L, Goldberg E, et al. Treatment of invasive candidal infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:1011-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18775201?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Andes DR, Safdar N, Baddley JW, et al. Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: a patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1110-1122.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/8/1110.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22412055?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Kett DH, Shorr AF, Reboli AC, et al. Anidulafungin compared with fluconazole in severely ill patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: support for the 2009 IDSA treatment guidelines for candidiasis. Crit Care. 2011;15:R253.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334804/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22026929?tool=bestpractice.com最低抑菌浓度值最高的是近平滑念珠菌(1-2μg/mL),但临床效果与其他治疗方案相似,罕见治疗失败。[43]Kale-Pradhan PB, Morgan G, Wilhelm SM, et al. Comparative efficacy of echinocandins and nonechinocandins for the treatment of Candida parapsilosis Infections: a meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30:1207-1213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21114387?tool=bestpractice.com相似的,念珠菌对所有此类药物或对这3种药物中任一种的获得性耐药均少见。有报道称,虽然光滑念珠菌耐药仍不常见,但在不断上升。[44]Cleveland AA, Farley MM, Harrison LH, et al. Changes in incidence and antifungal drug resistance in candidemia: results from population-based laboratory surveillance in Atlanta and Baltimore, 2008-2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:1352-1361.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/10/1352.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22893576?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Alexander BD, Johnson MD, Pfeiffer CD, et al. Increasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1724-1732.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/12/1724.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23487382?tool=bestpractice.com普遍认为这3种棘白菌素类药物治疗效果相同。[18]Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e1-e50.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/e1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26679628?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Pappas PG, Rotstein CM, Betts RF, et al. Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:883-893.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806055?tool=bestpractice.com