系统性念珠菌病的粗死亡率高(25%~60%),[51]Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, et al. Hospital-acquired candidemia: the attributable mortality and excess length of stay. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:2642-2645.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3196127?tool=bestpractice.com因为死亡率由以下因素决定。
临床表现与侵袭性念珠菌进程相关,如并发症(心内膜炎、中枢神经系统疾病、感染性休克)的存在。
宿主因素:急性生理和慢性健康评价(APACHEⅡ评分),中性粒细胞减少症,伴随疾病,包括基础疾病(例如,恶性肿瘤,糖尿病和其他免疫抑制性疾病和治疗)。
念珠菌种之间表现有差异:[52]Chow JK, Golan Y, Ruthazer R, et al. Risk factors for albicans and non-albicans candidemia in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1993-1998.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18552702?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Playford EG, Marriott D, Nguyen Q, et al. Candidemia in nonneutropenic critically ill patients: risk factors for non-albicans Candida spp. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:2034-2039.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18552700?tool=bestpractice.com如近平滑念珠菌常为血管内导管相关病原菌,发病率和死亡率较低。与此相比,死亡率较高的是热带念珠菌和光滑念珠菌。
[6]Horn DL, Neofytos D, Anaissie EJ, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of candidemia in 2019 patients: data from the prospective antifungal therapy alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1695-1703.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19441981?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, et al. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:414-421.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1520786?tool=bestpractice.com
抗真菌治疗的时机和有效的方案。延迟治疗可能增加死亡率,[29]Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006:43:25-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16758414?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3640-3645.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16127033http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16127033?tool=bestpractice.com得到酵母菌血液培养阳性结果后,越迟开始治疗,死亡率越高。[29]Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006:43:25-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16758414?tool=bestpractice.com其他因素包括继续保留中心静脉导管和氟康唑用量不足。[55]Labelle AJ, Micek ST, Roubinian N, et al. Treatment-related risk factors for hospital mortality in Candida bloodstream infections. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:2967-2972.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18824910?tool=bestpractice.com
必须意识到及时和有效的抗真菌治疗的重要性,美国感染病学会建议,发热、非中性粒细胞减少、高风险的ICU患者在使用抗菌药物后体温不降,特别是引起发热或脓毒症原因不明时,考虑早期广谱抗真菌药物(如棘白菌素类)经验治疗。[18]Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e1-e50.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/e1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26679628?tool=bestpractice.com