考虑到现有的耐受性好且有效的抗真菌药物,一级预防是可行的。研究表明全身预防性抗真菌治疗可以降低中性粒细胞减少患者侵袭性念珠菌感染的风险,但总体死亡率没有改变。[14]Ziakas PD, Kourbeti IS, Voulgarelis M, et al. Effectiveness of systemic antifungal prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia after chemotherapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Ther. 2010;32:2316-2336.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21353103?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Wang J, Zhan P, Zhou R, et al. Prophylaxis with itraconazole is more effective than prophylaxis with fluconazole in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Med Oncol. 2010;27:1082-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19876778?tool=bestpractice.com特别是在造血干细胞移植患者中,氟康唑和伏立康唑疗效显著。[16]Tamura K, Drew R. Antifungal prophylaxis in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008;44:515-530.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806902?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, et al; Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network. Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2010;116:5111-5118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20826719?tool=bestpractice.com中性粒细胞减少及实体器官移植患者,具侵袭性念珠菌病的高危因素,广泛使用氟康唑。对于脊髓发育不良和长期中性粒细胞减少患者,氟康唑不足以预防侵袭性霉菌感染(如曲霉病)。但是存在的问题是从非移植的ICU患者中辨别出最能从预防性治疗中受益的具有高危侵袭性真菌感染因素的人群。在侵袭性念珠菌病的患病率很高 (>5%) 的重症监护病房 (ICU) 内,高风险患者可以接受氟康唑或棘白菌素类用药进行预防。[18]Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e1-e50.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/e1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26679628?tool=bestpractice.com