每1~2天进行血培养确定阴性。如果血培养仍为阳性,重点应放在确保所有血管内导管已被移除及寻找转移灶,如脓肿,而不是认为应该立即改变治疗方案或已经形成耐药。持续性血培养阳性提示除血管内感染外,还有念珠菌性心内膜炎。建议对所有血液分离株进行抗真菌药物敏感性试验,主要是唑类敏感性试验。[18]Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e1-e50.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/e1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26679628?tool=bestpractice.com偶尔,治疗失败是因为药物或剂量使用不当。有时体外药敏出现耐药,这种情况下可以选用其他敏感药物。这种情况往往是光滑念珠菌引起的,它对唑类耐药率不断升高,近期对棘白菌素类耐药也升高。[45]Alexander BD, Johnson MD, Pfeiffer CD, et al. Increasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1724-1732.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/12/1724.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23487382?tool=bestpractice.com