除了上述 2 种特定患者人群,其余的性腺功能减退症男性均应接受睾酮疗法。特殊治疗方法和给药途径的选择取决于患者的自我倾向,方便性和经济性。睾酮疗法的目的是为了使睾酮水平达到正常生理范围(通常达到中度正常范围),从而逆转性腺功能减退的症状和体征。
剂型包括凝胶剂、溶液和皮肤药贴。[24]Kaufman JM, Miller MG, Garwin JL, et al. Efficacy and safety study of 1.62% testosterone gel for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J Sex Med. 2011;8:2079-2089.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492400?tool=bestpractice.com这些药物需要每日一次应用,可通过调整剂量达到血清睾酮生理水平。
局部皮肤刺激是主要的副作用,在使用皮肤药贴的患者中约占30%,但应用凝胶制剂皮肤刺激的发生率少。[25]Jordan WP Jr. Allergy and topical irritation associated with transdermal testosterone administration: a comparison of scrotal and nonscrotal transdermal systems. Am J Contact Dermat. 1997;8:108-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9153333?tool=bestpractice.com首先应用氟羟强的松龙软膏,然后在其上外贴药贴,有助于防止过敏反应。但是应用凝胶睾酮制剂的患者不能应用氟羟强的松龙软膏。
据报道凝胶或乳霜制剂睾酮可通过皮肤接触转移到配偶及孩子身上。[26]Delanoe D, Fougeyrollas B, Meyer L, et al. Androgenisation of female partners of men on medroxyprogesterone acetate/percutaneous testosterone contraception. Lancet. 1984;1:276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6143012?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Moore N, Paux G, Noblet C, et al. Spouse-related drug side-effects. Lancet. 1988;1:468.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2893882?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Yu YM, Punyasavatsu N, Elder D, et al. Sexual development in a two-year-old boy induced by topical exposure to testosterone. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e23.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/104/2/e23.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10429141?tool=bestpractice.com应用药物4小时内应避免洗澡,游泳和性行为。
应用经皮制剂2周后检测睾酮水平看是否达到治疗水平,保证经皮制剂的充分治疗。建议应用凝胶制剂2-4小时后检测睾酮水平,因为此时达到峰值。
少数患者有严重的局部皮肤过敏,此时不能应用氟羟强的松龙软膏,可使用肌内制剂。
睾酮疗法的禁忌症包括未接受监测的前列腺癌或乳腺癌,未治疗、不受控制或重度充血性心力衰竭,未治疗、与良性前列腺增生有关的严重下尿路症状(美国泌尿外科协会前列腺症状评分或国际前列腺症状评分 [IPSS]>19);未治疗的重度充血性心力衰竭;未经治疗的睡眠呼吸暂停。[6]Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:2536-2559.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2009-2354http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525905?tool=bestpractice.com[29]American Society of Andrology. Testosterone replacement therapy for male aging: ASA position statement. J Androl. 2006;27:133-134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16474019?tool=bestpractice.com
男性成功治疗乳腺癌或前列腺癌后,一定的时间间隔后由癌症专科医师证实无残余肿瘤时,可以考虑睾酮疗法。患者应综合考虑利弊,只有当患者的症状严重影响他们的生活质量时才应用这种治疗方法。并且对这些患者进行严格随访尤为重要。[1]Lunenfeld B, Mskhalaya G, Zitzmann M, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of hypogonadism in men. Aging Male. 2015;18:5-15.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/13685538.2015.1004049http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25657080?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Wang C, Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R, et al. Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males: ISA, ISSAM, EAU, EAA and ASA recommendations. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:507-514.http://www.eje-online.org/content/159/5/507.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955511?tool=bestpractice.com
已经证明睾酮疗法对中度慢性心力衰竭男性有益。[30]Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, West JN, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:57-64.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/1/57.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093267?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Caminiti G, Volterrani M, Iellamo F, et al. Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:919-927.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1140015http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19712802?tool=bestpractice.com
存在心血管疾病的患者应用睾酮替代疗法使睾酮达到中度正常范围,目前还没有证据表明其这种方法对心血管事件或死亡率有不利影响。睾酮使用剂量超过推荐剂量可能会导致心血管类事件发生的风险更大。[32]Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:109-122.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1000485#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592293?tool=bestpractice.com一些研究证明低睾酮水平的男性心血管事件发生的风险及死亡率更高。在冠心病、心力衰竭或糖尿病以及体弱的男性中开展了睾酮疗法随机安慰剂对照临床试验,使用标准睾酮疗法使睾酮达到正常范围,结果证明不会增加不良心血管事件。[30]Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, West JN, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:57-64.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/1/57.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093267?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Caminiti G, Volterrani M, Iellamo F, et al. Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:919-927.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1140015http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19712802?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Carson CC 3rd, Rosano G. Exogenous testosterone, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular risk factors in elderly men: a review of trial data. J Sex Med. 2012;9:54-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676183?tool=bestpractice.com[34]English KM, Steeds RP, Jones TH, et al. Low-dose transdermal testosterone therapy improves angina threshold in men with chronic stable angina: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Circulation. 2000;102:1906-1911.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/102/16/1906.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034937?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al; TIMES2 Investigators. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care. 2011;34:828-837.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/4/828.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21386088?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Sharma R, Oni OA, Gupta K, et al. Normalization of testosterone level is associated with reduced incidence of myocardial infarction and mortality in men. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2706-2715.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/40/2706.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248567?tool=bestpractice.com对 83,000 多例男性的回顾性综述发现,使睾酮水平恢复正常可减少男性中的心肌梗死和死亡,接受治疗但未达到正常水平的患者仍有风险。[37]Srinivas-Shankar U, Roberts SA, Connolly MJ, et al. Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:639-650.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2009-1251http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061435?tool=bestpractice.com回顾性队列研究报告接受血管造影术的患者会增加心血管事件的风险和死亡率;然而,一部分患者单处方应用睾酮,不能很好的使睾酮水平达到正常范围的低限。[38]Vigen R, O'Donnell CI, Barón AE, et al. Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels. JAMA. 2013;310:1829-1836.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24193080?tool=bestpractice.com对于这项研究结果,解释时应特别谨慎。对于性腺功能减退伴有冠心病的男性,医生应当与患者一起仔细评估睾酮疗法的风险和获益。患者一旦接受治疗必须仔细监控,以使睾酮达到中度正常范围。
除了上述每种给药模式特有的副作用外,各种剂型的睾酮疗法都可能导致红细胞增多症,油性皮肤以及痤疮。
尚未证明睾酮疗法会导致前列腺癌(但没有长期的安慰剂对照试验来验证这一点)。然而,睾酮疗法可能会使开始治疗之前尚不明显的前列腺癌暴露出来,或者它可能加剧已有的前列腺癌。因此,应在基线期监测 PSA,在治疗的第一年间歇性监测,此后每年一次。以前认为前列腺癌病史是睾酮疗法的绝对禁忌症,但这种观点最近受到质疑。
研究表明,睾酮疗法对患者血脂的作用是中性的(如果不是有益的),也不会引起睡眠呼吸暂停加剧。[33]Carson CC 3rd, Rosano G. Exogenous testosterone, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular risk factors in elderly men: a review of trial data. J Sex Med. 2012;9:54-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676183?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, Jones RD, et al. The effect of testosterone replacement on endogenous inflammatory cytokines and lipid profiles in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3313-3318.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2003-031069http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240608?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Liu PY, Yee B, Wishart SM, et al. The short-term effects of high-dose testosterone on sleep, breathing, and function in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3605-3613.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2003-030236http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915643?tool=bestpractice.com此外,研究证明,在 2 型糖尿病男性中,睾酮疗法可对胰岛素抵抗、胆固醇、脂蛋白 (a) 以及性健康产生有益影响。[35]Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al; TIMES2 Investigators. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care. 2011;34:828-837.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/4/828.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21386088?tool=bestpractice.com
肌肉注射长效的睾酮制剂会导致肺部油微栓的发生。症状包括咳嗽、呼吸困难、喉咙紧缩,胸痛、头晕、晕厥。发作常在注射激素30分钟内发生并可自行缓解。注射时间超过2分钟不容易发生肺部油微栓。
应当监测下尿路症状的变化。虽然过时的教条认为在男性中使用睾酮会使与良性前列腺增生相关的尿路症状恶化,但近期研究大多数报告,这种担心没有基础。[41]Kohn TP, Mata DA, Ramasamy R, et al. Effects of testosterone replacement therapy on lower urinary tract symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2016;69:1083-1090.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26874809?tool=bestpractice.com