治疗的目的是快速缓解患者的急性头痛发作,同时使用预防性疗法抑制该发作期的头痛发作,或抑制慢性丛集性头痛患者更长时期内的头痛发作。
丛集性头痛的治疗可分为急性治疗、过渡治疗和预防性治疗。 也应给予适当的生活方式建议;例如:避免酒精和其他触发因素。
急性发作治疗
急性治疗用于中止单次头痛发作。对于此类患者,标准止痛药是无效的,没有证据支持使用非甾体抗炎药、阿片类药物或对乙酰氨基酚。应避免开具使用这些药物的处方。顿挫疗法的主要是胃肠外使用曲普坦类药物和吸氧。正如英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所指南所述,所有丛集性头痛患者应在没有禁忌证的情况下,接受吸氧或者经皮下或经鼻使用曲坦类药物治疗。[17]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Headaches in over 12s: diagnosis and management. November 2015 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg150
曲坦类药物:
口服药物没有或几乎没有益处,因为症状的发作没有或几乎没有预警,而且头痛很快达到顶峰。[18]Law S, Derry S, Moore RA. Triptans for acute cluster headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:(7);CD008042.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008042.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353996?tool=bestpractice.com
皮下注射舒马曲坦已被证明在急性治疗中有效。[18]Law S, Derry S, Moore RA. Triptans for acute cluster headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:(7);CD008042.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008042.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353996?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究发现,舒马普坦皮下给药15min内,患者头痛消失,或仅有轻度头痛。[19]Ekbom K, Waldenlind E, Levi R, et al. Treatment of acute cluster headache with sumatriptan. The Sumatriptan Cluster Headache Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 1;325(5):322-6.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199108013250505#t=articleTophttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1647496?tool=bestpractice.com 也有充分的证据表明,经鼻舒马曲坦和佐米曲普坦是有效的,接受这两种药物中任一种的患者中,有将近 50% 的患者报告疼痛消失。[20]Francis GJ, Becker WJ, Pringsheim TM. Acute and preventive pharmacologic treatment of cluster headache. Neurology. 2010 Aug 3;75(5):463-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679639?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Cohen AS, Burns B, Goadsby PJ. High-flow oxygen for treatment of cluster headache: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22):2451-7.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=185035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996400?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Cittadini E, May A, Straube A, et al. Effectiveness of intranasal zolmitriptan in acute cluster headache: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Arch Neurol. 2006 Nov;63(11):1537-42.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=792647http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16966497?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Van Vliet JA, Bahra A, Martin V, et al. Intranasal sumatriptan in cluster headache: randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Neurology. 2003 Feb 25;60(4):630-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12601104?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of triptans in people with acute cluster headache?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.377/full显示答案
具有心血管危险因素(例如冠状动脉疾病[CAD]、脑血管疾病或未控制的高血压)的患者不可使用曲坦类药物。 24小时内最多使用2个剂量的皮下注射舒马曲坦不会产生快速抗药反应风险。
氧气:
以至少12L/min的速度,通过非重复吸入面罩进行至少15min的供氧[17]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Headaches in over 12s: diagnosis and management. November 2015 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg150 已被证明能有效中止丛集性头痛发作。[20]Francis GJ, Becker WJ, Pringsheim TM. Acute and preventive pharmacologic treatment of cluster headache. Neurology. 2010 Aug 3;75(5):463-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679639?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Cohen AS, Burns B, Goadsby PJ. High-flow oxygen for treatment of cluster headache: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22):2451-7.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=185035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996400?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Bennett MH, French C, Schnabel A, et al. Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment and prevention of migraine and cluster headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(12):CD005219.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005219.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26709672?tool=bestpractice.com 一个随机双盲安慰剂对照交叉研究发现,78%的患者吸入12L/min的100%氧气达15min后,疼痛都会消失。[21]Cohen AS, Burns B, Goadsby PJ. High-flow oxygen for treatment of cluster headache: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22):2451-7.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=185035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996400?tool=bestpractice.com
过渡治疗
预防性药物可能需要至少两周的最大剂量给药才能充分发挥作用。 很多情况下,起效更快的药物或干预(不适合长期使用)会和标准预防性药物同时使用,从而快速抑制头痛发作。 这些干预被称为过渡或桥接治疗。 短期逐渐减少泼尼松龙疗法最为常用, 但是,由于副作用风险,不可定期(每年超过2-3次)使用皮质类固醇。
其他选项包括静脉注射二氢麦角胺或枕大神经阻滞术。 研究者已发现枕大神经阻滞术能够在第4周时缓解将近三分之二患者的头痛。[25]Ambrosini A, Vandenheede M, Rossi P, et al. Suboccipital injection with a mixture of rapid- and long-acting steroids in cluster headache: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2005 Nov;118(1-2):92-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16202532?tool=bestpractice.com 神经阻滞术经常在发作开始时实施,但对于慢性丛集性头痛患者,可定期(每 3-4 个月一次)重复实施该手术。对于有心血管危险因素(例如冠状动脉疾病、高血压)的患者,二氢麦角胺是禁用药物,不应用于此类患者。
预防性治疗
主要目的是快速抑制单次发作,并且使患者在典型丛集期间保持缓解状态。 对于偶发性丛集性头痛,一旦患者无头痛的时间为2周及以上,则可以逐渐缩减预防治疗。 对于慢性丛集性头痛,应一直维持预防疗法。 但是,如果患者一直没有出现头痛,则可以定期尝试减少剂量。
对于阵发性和慢性头痛,维拉帕米都被认为是一线预防疗法,[17]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Headaches in over 12s: diagnosis and management. November 2015 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg150 但也可使用某些其他药物(单独用药或联合用药)。[20]Francis GJ, Becker WJ, Pringsheim TM. Acute and preventive pharmacologic treatment of cluster headache. Neurology. 2010 Aug 3;75(5):463-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679639?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Leone M, D'Amico D, Frediani F, et al. Verapamil in the prophylaxis of episodic cluster headache: a double-blind study versus placebo. Neurology. 2000 Mar 28;54(6):1382-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10746617?tool=bestpractice.com 在使用维拉帕米之前,必须实施心电图检查来排除心动过缓等传导异常。每次增加剂量前,需要重复实施心电图检查,以检查心脏传导阻滞的迹象。[27]Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cluster headache on verapamil therapy. Neurology. 2007 Aug 14;69(7):668-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698788?tool=bestpractice.com 副作用包括便秘、头晕和脚踝肿胀。 一旦发作结束,维拉帕米应逐渐停用。 在即将出现下一次发作时,只要基线心电图正常,患者都应以先前的最大有效剂量开始使用。
二线预防疗法包括托吡酯(可能对多达50%的患者有效)、[28]Wheeler SD, Carrazana EJ. Topiramate-treated cluster headache. Neurology. 1999 Jul 13;53(1):234-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10408573?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Förderreuther S, Mayer M, Straube A. Treatment of cluster headache with topiramate: effects and side-effects in five patients. Cephalalgia. 2002 Apr;22(3):186-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12047455?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Láinez MJ, Pascual J, Pascual AM, et al. Topiramate in the prophylactic treatment of cluster headache. Headache. 2003 Jul-Aug;43(7):784-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12890134?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Mathew NT, Kailasam J, Meadors L. Prophylaxis of migraine, transformed migraine, and cluster headache with topiramate. Headache. 2002 Sep;42(8):796-803.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12390644?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Leone M, Dodick D, Rigamonti A, et al. Topiramate in cluster headache prophylaxis: an open trial. Cephalalgia. 2003 Dec;23(10):1001-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984235?tool=bestpractice.com 锂,[33]Ekbom K. Lithium for cluster headache: review of the literature and preliminary results of long-term treatment. Headache. 1981 Jul;21(4):132-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7021473?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Abdel-Maksoud, MB, Nasr A, Abdul-Aziz A. Lithium treatment in cluster headache: review of literature. Eur J Psychiatry. 2009;23:53-60. 加巴喷丁,[35]Ahmed F. Chronic cluster headache responding to gabapentin: a case report. Cephalalgia. 2000 May;20(4):252-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10999675?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Leandri M, Luzzani M, Cruccu G, et al. Drug-resistant cluster headache responding to gabapentin: a pilot study. Cephalalgia. 2001 Sep;21(7):744-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595003?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Schuh-Hofer S, Israel H, Neeb L, et al. The use of gabapentin in chronic cluster headache patients refractory to first-line therapy. Eur J Neurol. 2007 Jun;14(6):694-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17539953?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Tay BA, Ngan Kee WD, Chung DC. Gabapentin for the treatment and prophylaxis of cluster headache. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001 Jul-Aug;26(4):373-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11464360?tool=bestpractice.com 和褪黑素。[39]Leone M, D'Amico D, Moschiano F, et al. Melatonin versus placebo in the prophylaxis of cluster headache: a double-blind pilot study with parallel groups. Cephalalgia. 1996 Nov;16(7):494-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8933994?tool=bestpractice.com 可考虑将丙戊酸半钠作为一种三线治疗选择。2018 年,欧洲药品管理局 (European Medicines Agency) 最终完成了对丙戊酸及其类似物的审查,并建议在妊娠期禁止将这些药物用于预防偏头痛,因为胎儿/儿童发生先天畸形和发育问题的风险高。[40]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2018/03/news_detail_002929.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1在美国,禁忌将丙戊酸及其类似物用于预防妊娠女性的偏头痛。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似药物不得用于有生育可能的女性患者。[40]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2018/03/news_detail_002929.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1
神经调节
如果所有其他选项都已经尝试过,可以考虑手术治疗。 可考虑通过枕神经刺激 (occipital nerve stimulation, ONS) 或下丘脑后区脑深部电刺激 (deep brain stimulation, DBS) 等方法对患者进行神经调节。[41]European Academy of Neurology (European Federation of Neurological Societies). Cluster headache and other trigemino-autonomic cephalgias. 2011 [internet publication].http://www.eaneurology.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidline_papers/EFNS_guideline_2011_Cluster_headache_and_other_trigemino-autonomic_cephalgias.pdf 神经调节在丛集性头痛中的作用机制尚不清楚,但是研究者认为该机制涉及大脑疼痛基质的神经可塑性反应。
枕神经刺激的原理在于三叉神经颈复合体在丛集性头痛时的重要作用。4 项队列研究已经证明,枕神经刺激是一种有前景的顽固性慢性丛集性头痛治疗方法,超过 2/3 的患者出现了良好反应。[42]Burns B, Watkins L, Goadsby PJ. Treatment of intractable chronic cluster headache by occipital nerve stimulation in 14 patients. Neurology. 2009 Jan 27;72(4):341-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19171831?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Magis D, Gerardy PY, Remacle JM, et al. Sustained effectiveness of occipital nerve stimulation in drug-resistant chronic cluster headache. Headache. 2011 Sep;51(8):1191-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848953?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Burns B, Watkins L, Goadsby P. Treatment of medically intractable cluster headache by occipital nerve stimulation: long-term follow-up of 8 patients. Lancet. 2007 Mar 31;369(9567):1099-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17398309?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Magis D, Allena M, Bolla M, et al. Occipital nerve stimulation for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache: a prospective pilot study. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Apr;6(4):314-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17362835?tool=bestpractice.com 目前已有证据表明,即使用作慢性丛集性头痛的长期治疗,枕神经刺激也是有效的。[46]Leone M, Proietti Cecchini A, Messina G, et al. Long-term occipital nerve stimulation for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 2017 Jul;37(8):756-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27250232?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Magis D, Gérard P, Schoenen J. Invasive occipital nerve stimulation for refractory chronic cluster headache: what evolution at long-term? Strengths and weaknesses of the method. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754236/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26879831?tool=bestpractice.com
深部脑刺激用于慢性丛集性头痛的原理来自于丛集性头痛发作时同侧下丘脑后区激活的影像学发现。[15]May A, Bahra A, Büchel C, et al. Hypothalamic activation in cluster headache attacks. Lancet. 1998 Jul 25;352(9124):275-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9690407?tool=bestpractice.com 目前发表的病例报告超过 80 例,其中 2/3 的患者在平均 2.2 年的随访期中头痛频率降低了 50% 及以上。[48]Leone M, Franzini A, Bussone G. Stereotactic stimulation of posterior hypothalamic grey matter in a patient with intractable cluster headache. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1428-9.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM200111083451915?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11794190?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Seijo F, Saiz A, Lozano B, et al. Neuromodulation of the posterolateral hypothalamus for the treatment of chronic refractory cluster headache: experience in five patients with a modified anatomical target. Cephalalgia. 2011 Dec;31(16):1634-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116943?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Leone M, Franzini A, Proietti Cecchini A, et al. Success, failure, and putative mechanisms in hypothalamic stimulation for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache. Pain. 2013 Jan;154(1):89-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23103434?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Franzini A, Messina G, Cordella R, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the posteromedial hypothalamus: indications, long-term results, and neurophysiological considerations. Neurosurg Focus. 2010 Aug;29(2):E13.http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2010.5.FOCUS1094http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20672915?tool=bestpractice.com 一项针对 21 名患者的前瞻性开放性研究显示,在中位时间 18 个月内,该治疗显示出持续的有效性。[52]Akram H, Miller S, Lagrata S, et al. Ventral tegmental area deep brain stimulation for refractory chronic cluster headache. Neurology. 2016 May 3;86(18):1676-82.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4854586/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029635?tool=bestpractice.com 一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验研究了深部脑刺激在丛集性头痛中的作用,其研究时间仅为2个月,无法显示假性刺激和主动刺激的区别。[53]Fontaine D, Lazorthes Y, Mertens P, et al. Safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation in refractory cluster headache: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial followed by a 1-year open extension. J Headache Pain. 2010 Feb;11(1):23-31.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10194-009-0169-4/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19936616?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,从那时起,研究者已经明白,至少需要3个月的时间才能看到该方法的益处,所以研究者认为该试验出现消极结果是因为其研究时间太短。 深部脑刺激的潜在副作用包括脑出血、卒中、死亡、感染和癫痫发作(尽管这些副作用都非常罕见),所以只有当任何治疗都对患者不起作用时(包括使用枕神经刺激进行周围神经刺激),才应当使用这种方法。
对于丛集性头痛来说,三叉神经减压或破坏已经不再是常规的手术治疗方法。 以前,这些方法被用于顽固性丛集性头痛,但是其并发症发病率很高,而且疼痛缓解率较低。 鉴于神经调节的结果很有前途,不应再考虑使用这些手术技术来治疗丛集性头痛。[54]Donnet A, Valade D, Regis J. Gamma knife treatment for refractory cluster headache: prospective open trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;76(2):218-21.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/76/2/218.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15654036?tool=bestpractice.com