治疗为支持性治疗,应密切关注补液情况和纠正电解质紊乱。目前尚无明确证据表明抗生素治疗可使患者获益,一些观点认为抗生素不利于大肠杆菌 O157:H7 感染的治疗。患者应遵循严格的卫生措施。应当隔离住院患者,医护人员应在防护条件下照护患者,以防范传播。
疾病或药物所致免疫抑制状态会增加大肠杆菌感染的风险,并可能延长病程。重要的是衡量免疫功能低下的程度,并对患者加以密切监测。治疗方法与免疫功能正常的患者相同。
儿童(<5岁)和老年患者(>60岁)的治疗方案与年轻患者相同,但需要密切监测,住院治疗并接受静脉补液。
儿童发生血容量不足的风险较高,原因如下:[32]King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, et al. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003 Nov 21;52(RR-16):1-16.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14627948?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数儿童对补液治疗应答良好,[33]Hartling L, Bellemare S, Wiebe N, et al. Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004390.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004390.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856044?tool=bestpractice.com 这可以减少死亡率以及住院需求。[34]Dohi-Fujii B, Godoy-Olvera LM, Durazo-Ortiz J. Oral rehydration therapy: an analysis of its results and impact on the hospitalization and mortality of children with diarrhea [in Spanish]. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1993 Nov;50(11):797-802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8274231?tool=bestpractice.com 一般而言,应正常喂养低龄儿童,但对于发生感染相关乳糖不耐受的患儿,可给予无乳糖配方奶喂养。[32]King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, et al. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003 Nov 21;52(RR-16):1-16.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14627948?tool=bestpractice.com
与年轻患者相比,老年患者的死亡率和病死率更高,病例多见于群居者(如养老院),应对其进行密切监测。为预防疾病传播,进行隔离以及早期补液很重要。[35]Slotwiner-Nie PK, Brandt LJ. Infectious diarrhea in the elderly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001 Sep;30(3):625-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586549?tool=bestpractice.com
补液
大多数患者通过口服补液治疗即可缓解。[36]Aranda-Michel J, Giannella RA. Acute diarrhea: a practical review. Am J Med. 1999 Jun;106(6):670-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10378626?tool=bestpractice.com 首选含葡萄糖的液体,肠腔内的葡萄糖可以促进钠和水的吸收。咖啡因和乳类制品会加重腹泻,应避免饮用。对于不能耐受口服补液、出现血容量减少加重或败血症恶化的患者,需开始进行静脉补液治疗。延迟液体复苏可能是有害的,这也是导致发展中国家营养不良婴儿和儿童腹泻性疾病高死亡率的原因。[37]World Health Organization. Children: reducing mortality. September 2018 [internet publication].http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality
减少传播
世界卫生组织已制定了相关指南预防感染传播。[38]World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. Geneva: WHO Press; 2008.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241547222_eng.pdf 这些指南包括腹泻性疾病患者应采取的简单措施:
报告当地或州卫生部门
对于肠出血性大肠杆菌 (EHEC) 感染病例,需要向当地或州卫生机构进行汇报。有助于明确食物来源,并予以撤市,从而降低进一步传播和疫情暴发的风险。[28]American Medical Association; American Nurses Association-American Nurses Foundation; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration; Food Safety and Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004 Apr 16;53(RR-4):1-33.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5304a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15123984?tool=bestpractice.com
膳食调整
目前对如何进行饮食调整尚无明确的建议。 在病情的高峰期间,患者应接受清淡饮食,补充葡萄糖和钠,从而有助于补充水分。 严重胃肠炎可导致一过性乳糖不耐受,因此应当避免摄入乳制品。
铋剂
铋剂可诱发局部黏膜效应,减少分泌渗出,包裹细菌毒素。 可以减少腹泻次数,作为各种类型感染的辅助治疗,尤其应用于儿童患者的治疗。[39]Figueroa-Quintanilla D, Salazar-Lindo E, Sack RB, et al. A controlled trial of bismuth subsalicylate in infants with acute watery diarrheal disease. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jun 10;328(23):1653-8.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199306103282301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8487823?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Soriano-Brucher H, Avendano P, O'Ryan M, et al. Bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children: a clinical study. Pediatrics. 1991 Jan;87(1):18-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1984613?tool=bestpractice.com
抗生素治疗
一般来说,支持治疗对大肠杆菌感染所致腹泻有一定疗效。然而,对于产肠毒素大肠杆菌 (ETEC) 感染(旅行者腹泻)患者,抗生素应给药于严重病例,可缩短病程,通常此时患者仍在旅行。[29]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Yellow book: chapter 2 - travelers' diarrhea. June 2017 [internet publication].https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/the-pre-travel-consultation/travelers-diarrhea 同时还可以增加治愈率。
推荐使用喹诺酮类(如环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星)。一般使用环丙沙星,可口服单剂给药,对于难治性感染,可采用 3 天疗程。其他可选药物包括利福昔明[41]Frisari L, Viggiano V, Pelagalli M. An open, controlled study of two non-absorbable antibiotics for the oral treatment of paediatric infectious diarrhoea. Curr Med Res Opin. 1997;14(1):39-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9524792?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Beseghi U, De'Angelis GL. Comparison of two non-absorbable antibiotics for treatment of bacterial enteritis in children. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 1998 May-Aug;2(3-4):131-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10546408?tool=bestpractice.com 对儿童和[43]Tribble DR, Sanders JW, Pang LW, et al. Traveler's diarrhea in Thailand: randomized, double-blind trial comparing single-dose and 3-day azithromycin-based regimens with a 3-day levofloxacin regimen. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Feb 1;44(3):338-46.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/44/3/338/312145http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205438?tool=bestpractice.com 可安全地用于治疗儿童和孕妇。另一替代性选择为甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑。
某些抗生素可仅给予单剂治疗。
关于治疗大肠杆菌 O157:H7 是否需要使用抗生素,仍存在争议。很少有评估抗生素使用的随机试验;最大的一项安慰剂对照研究显示,使用抗生素未使疾病持续时间或严重程度得以改善。[44]Proulx F, Turgeon JP, Delage G, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of antibiotic therapy for Escherichia coli O157:H7 enteritis. J Pediatr. 1992 Aug;121(2):299-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1640303?tool=bestpractice.com 几项研究表明,抗生素可以增加溶血尿毒综合征的发病率[45]Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, et al. The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jun 29;342(26):1930-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10874060?tool=bestpractice.com 或死亡率,[46]Carter AO, Borczyk AA, Carlson JA, et al. A severe outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated hemorrhagic colitis in a nursing home. N Engl J Med. 1987 Dec 10;317(24):1496-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3317047?tool=bestpractice.com 但总的来说,目前尚无明确的证据证明抗生素治疗有无益处。[47]Panos GZ, Betsi GI, Falagas ME. Systematic review: are antibiotics detrimental or beneficial for the treatment of patients with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep 1;24(5):731-42.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118572456/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918877?tool=bestpractice.com 抗生素耐药率正逐渐升高,主要原因在于牲畜和人类抗生素的滥用,这也限制了抗生素的进一步应用。[23]White DG, Zhao S, Simjee S, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens. Microbes Infect. 2002 Apr;4(4):405-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11932191?tool=bestpractice.com
抗动力药物
抗动力药物(如洛哌丁胺、地芬诺酯/阿托品、可待因)会增加中毒性结肠扩张的风险,一般不用于细菌性胃肠炎的治疗,并且自限性腹泻可以有效清除病原菌。然而,此类药物可以缓解症状,缩短腹泻病程,这对旅行者可能很重要。这种情况下,可以短期给予抗动力药物,并联合抗生素治疗。[48]Murphy GS, Bodhidatta L, Echeverria P, et al. Ciprofloxacin and loperamide in the treatment of bacillary dysentery. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Apr 15;118(8):582-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8452323?tool=bestpractice.com