青春期延迟

Rugarli EI, Ballabio A. Kallmann syndrome: from genetics to neurobiology. JAMA. 1993;270:2713-2716.

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Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child. 1969;44:291-303.

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Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45:13-23.

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Segal TY, Mehta A, Anazodo A, et al. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation tests in differentiating patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism from those with constitutional delay of growth and puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:780-785.

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Bondy CA; Turner Syndrome Consensus Study Group. Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:10-25.

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1.  Timmreck LS, Reindollar RH. Contemporary issues in primary amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003;30:287-302.

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2.  Nielsen J, Wohlert M. Chromosome abnormalities found among 34,910 newborn children: results from a 13-year incidence study in Arhus, Denmark. Hum Genet. 1991;87:81-83.

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3.  Jacobs PA, Melville M, Ratcliffe S, et al. A cytogenetic survey of 11,680 newborn infants. Ann Hum Genet. 1974;37:359-376.

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4.  Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Secular trend of timing of puberty. Endocr Dev. 2005;8:1-14.

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5.  Tanner JM. Trend towards earlier menarche in London, Oslo, Copenhagen, the Netherlands and Hungary. Nature. 1973;243:95-96.

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11.  Sedlmeyer IL, Palmert MR. Delayed puberty: analysis of a large case series from an academic center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1613-1620.

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12.  Wehkalampi K, Widén E, Laine T, et al. Patterns of inheritance of constitutional delay of growth and puberty in families of adolescent girls and boys referred to specialist pediatric care. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:723-728.

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13.  Rugarli EI, Ballabio A. Kallmann syndrome: from genetics to neurobiology. JAMA. 1993;270:2713-2716.

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14.  Dattani MT, Robinson IC. The molecular basis for developmental disorders of the pituitary gland in man. Clin Genet. 2000;57:337-346.

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15.  Reutens AT, Achermann JC, Ito M, et al. Clinical and functional effects of mutations in the DAX-1 gene in patients with adrenal hypoplasia congenita. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:504-511.

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16.  Mehta A, Dattani M. Congenital disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In: Brook CG, Clayton PE, Brown RS, eds. Clinical pediatric endocrinology. 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2005:67-89.

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18.  Oerter KE, Kamp GA, Munson PJ, et al. Multiple hormone deficiencies in children with hemochromatosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:357-361.

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19.  Smyth CM, Bremner WJ. Klinefelter syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1309-1314.

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20.  Toniolo D. X-linked premature ovarian failure: a complex disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2006;16:293-300.

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21.  Hoek A, Schoemaker J, Drexhage HA. Premature ovarian failure and ovarian autoimmunity. Endocr Rev. 1997;18:107-134.

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22.  Bakker B, Massa GG, Oostdijk W, et al. Pubertal development and growth after total-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation for haematological malignancies. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159:31-37.

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23.  Ojeda SR, Lomniczi A, Mastronardi C, et al. Minireview: the neuroendocrine regulation of puberty: is the time ripe for a systems biology approach? Endocrinology. 2006;147:1166-1174.

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24.  Martha PM Jr, Rogol AD, Veldhuis JD, et al. Alterations in the pulsatile properties of circulating growth hormone concentrations during puberty in boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;69:563-570.

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25.  Veldhuis JD, Metzger DL, Martha PM Jr, et al. Estrogen and testosterone, but not a nonaromatizable androgen, direct network integration of the hypothalamo-somatotrope (growth hormone)-insulin-like growth factor I axis in the human: evidence from pubertal pathophysiology and sex-steroid hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3414-3420.

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26.  Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child. 1969;44:291-303.

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• 摘要

27.  Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45:13-23.

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28.  Simpson JL, Rajkovic A. Ovarian differentiation and gonadal failure. Am J Med Genet. 1999;89:186-200.

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29.  Bayley N, Pinneau SR. Tables for predicting adult height from skeletal age: revised for use with the Greulich-Pyle hand standards. J Pediatr. 1952;40:423-441.

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30.  Nathwani NC, Hindmarsh PC, Massarano AA, et al. Gonadotrophin pulsatility in girls with the Turner syndrome: modulation by exogenous sex steroids. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;49:107-113.

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31.  Segal TY, Mehta A, Anazodo A, et al. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation tests in differentiating patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism from those with constitutional delay of growth and puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:780-785.

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32.  Raivio T, Falardeau J, Dwyer A, et al. Reversal of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:863-873.

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33.  Bondy CA; Turner Syndrome Consensus Study Group. Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:10-25.

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34.  Mehta A, Hindmarsh PC, Mehta H, et al. Congenital hypopituitarism: clinical, molecular and neuroradiological correlates. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71:376-382.

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35.  Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Elfving M, Wikland KA, et al. Nocturnal application of transdermal estradiol patches produces levels of estradiol that mimic those seen at the onset of spontaneous puberty in girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3039-3044.

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