小肠是主要感染部位,但整个胃肠道和肠外部位也可能会受累。在 HIV 感染患者中,近端小肠感染通常会引发多数重度疾病,[28]Clayton F, Heller T, Kotler DP. Variation in the enteric distribution of cryptosporidia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Path. 1994;102:420-425.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7942597?tool=bestpractice.com胃受累病例亦曾有过报道。[29]Berk RN, Wall SD, McArdle CB, et al. Cryptosporidiosis of the stomach and small intestine in patients with AIDS. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;143:549-554.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.143.3.549http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6331733?tool=bestpractice.com
对宿主细胞的侵袭会导致表面上皮损失和微绒毛边缘位移,从而导致绒毛结构改变,且伴有绒毛萎缩、扁平和隐窝细胞增生,以及固有层单核细胞浸润。[30]Meisel JL, Perera DR, Meligro C, et al. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology. 1976;70:1156-1160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/773738?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Farthing MJ. Clinical aspects of human cryptosporidiosis. In: Petry F, ed. Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis. Contributions in microbiology. Karger, Basel: 2000;6:50-74.腹泻的致病机制尚未完全解释清楚:大量水样便类似于分泌性腹泻,可能表明肠毒素是特定的致病机制,是隐孢子虫毒素尚未被排除。[32]Guarino A, Canani RB, Pozio E, et al. Enterotoxic effect of stool supernatant of Cryptosporidium-infected calves on human jejunum. Gastroenterology. 1994;106:28-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8276202?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Guarino A, Canani RB, Casola A, et al. Human intestinal cryptosporidiosis: secretory diarrhea and enterotoxic activity in Caco-2 cells. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:976-983.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7706827?tool=bestpractice.com细胞间渗透压升高和固有层炎症可能会由细胞因子和神经肽引发分泌性腹泻。[34]Laurent F, Eckmann L, Savidge TC, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal epithelial cells induces the polarized secretion of C-X-C chemikines. Infect Immun. 1997;65:5067-5073.http://iai.asm.org/cgi/reprint/65/12/5067http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9393797?tool=bestpractice.com[35]McDonald V, Smith R, Robinson H, et al. Host immune responses against Cryptosporidium. Contrib Microbiol. 2000;6:75-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10943508?tool=bestpractice.com隐窝细胞增生导致氯化物分泌增加,绒毛扁平会导致钠吸收减少,[36]Argenzio RA, Liacos JA, Levy ML, et al. Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, cellular infiltration, and impaired glucose-Na absorption in enteric cryptosporidiosis of pigs. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:1129-1140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2323506?tool=bestpractice.com这也会导致总分泌量增加。尽管感染与持续性全身性炎症反应有关,但通常不存在粪便白细胞。[37]Kirkpatrick BD, Noel F, Rouzier PD, et al. Childhood cryptosporidiosis is associated with a persistent systemic inflammatory response. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:604-608.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886154?tool=bestpractice.com在 HIV 感染患者中,组织病理学会显示黏膜损伤和可变的炎症反应(往往与同时感染其他病原体相关)。[38]Lumadue JA, Manabe YC, Moore RD, et al. A clinicopathologic analysis of AIDS-related cryptosporidiosis. AIDS. 1998;12:2459-2466.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9875584?tool=bestpractice.com
腹泻往往与吸收不良有关,可由异常的 D-木糖试验和放射性研究等证实。[29]Berk RN, Wall SD, McArdle CB, et al. Cryptosporidiosis of the stomach and small intestine in patients with AIDS. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;143:549-554.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.143.3.549http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6331733?tool=bestpractice.com
胃肠道外部的隐孢子虫病主要发生在免疫功能受损的患者中。胆管和胰腺隐孢子虫病病例已有过报道。[7]Manabe YC, Clark DP, Moore RD, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: correlates of disease and survival. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:536-542.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/3/536.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9770154?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Bonacini M. Hepatobiliary complications in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med. 1992;92:404-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1558086?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Benhamou Y, Caumes E, Gerosa Y, et al. AIDS-related cholangiopathy: critical analysis of a prospective series of 26 patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:1113-1118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8389687?tool=bestpractice.com隐孢子虫会引起人类胆管上皮细胞系凋亡,[41]Chen XM, Levine SA, Tietz P, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum is cytopathic for cultured human biliary epithelia via an apoptotic mechanism. Hepatology. 1998;28:906-913.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9755224?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Chen XM, Gores GJ, Paya CV, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum induces apoptosis in biliary epithelia by a Fas/Fas ligand-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:G599-G608.http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/277/3/G599http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10484385?tool=bestpractice.com此发现可能与硬化性胆管炎的发病机制有关,已有报道发现,硬化性胆管炎是胆道隐孢子虫病的一种并发症。[43]Davis JJ, Heyman MB, Ferrell L, et al. Sclerosing cholangitis associated with chronic cryptosporidiosis in a child with congenital immunodeficiency disorder. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987;82:1196-1202.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3674002?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Dowsett JF, Miller R, Davidson R, et al. Sclerosing cholangitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case reports and review of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1988;23:1267-1274.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3074460?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Cello JP. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cholangiopathy: spectrum of disease. Am J Med. 1989;86:539-546.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2712061?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Chen XM, LaRusso NF. Cryptosporidiosis and the pathogenesis of AIDS-cholangiopathy. Semin Liver Dis. 2002;22:277-289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12360421?tool=bestpractice.com[47]McLauchlin J, Amar CF, Pedraza-Díaz S, et al. Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of infection with Cryptosporidium in children with primary immunodeficiencies. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:329-335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690272?tool=bestpractice.com已有过重度免疫功能受损患者并发气管支气管受累和鼻窦炎的相关报道。[48]Clavel A, Arnal AC, Sánchez EC, et al. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis: case series and review of the literature. Infection. 1996;24:341-346.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8923043?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Dunand VA, Hammer SM, Rossi R, et al. Parasitic sinusitis and otitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: report of five cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:267-272.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/2/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9332522?tool=bestpractice.com然而,由于大部分都伴有呼吸道病原体感染,因此此项研究的确切临床意义尚不确定。[48]Clavel A, Arnal AC, Sánchez EC, et al. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis: case series and review of the literature. Infection. 1996;24:341-346.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8923043?tool=bestpractice.com