宿主的免疫状态不同,其预后差异巨大。对于无其他并发症(如营养不良)的免疫功能正常的患者而言,隐孢子虫病具有自限性,预计可以完全康复。对于免疫功能受损的患者而言预后情况取决于其基础疾病的性质。
免疫功能正常患者
对于免疫功能正常患者而言,疾病具有自限性;尽管症状可能会持续长达 3~4 周,但通常会在 7~14 天内消退(在需就医的患者中,平均值是 13 天,中位数是 11 天)。[24]Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, et al. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1241-1249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323324/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15324544?tool=bestpractice.com三分之一的患者的症状会在短暂复发后开始缓解,中位数是 3 天(其范围是 2~10 天)。[57]MacKenzie WR, Schell WL, Blair KA, et al. Massive outbreak of waterborne Cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: recurrence of illness and risk of secondary transmission. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:57-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7578760?tool=bestpractice.com在初始感染后的 3 个月内,40% 的患者报告其在初始感染康复后,胃肠道症状出现了复发。[84]Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, et al. Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:504-510.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/4/504.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15356813?tool=bestpractice.com
有报告显示,成人[85]Hay EM, Winfield J, McKendrick MW. Reactive arthritis associated with Cryptosporidium enteritis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;295:248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1247084/pdf/bmjcred00030-0024a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3115393?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Ozgül A, Tanyüksel M, Yazicioglu K, et al. Sacroiliitis associated with Cryptosporidium parvum in an HLA-B27-negative patient. Rheumatology. 1999;38:288-289.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/38/3/288http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325675?tool=bestpractice.com和儿童[87]Cron RQ, Sherry DD. Reiter's syndrome associated with cryptosporidial gastroenteritis. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:1962-1963.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8991999?tool=bestpractice.com皆出现过血清阴性反应性关节炎,
[88]Shepherd RC, Smail PJ, Sinha GP. Reactive arthritis complicating cryptosporidial infection. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64:743-744.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1792020/pdf/archdisch00674-0107.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2730133?tool=bestpractice.com包括一例反应性关节炎(关节炎、结膜炎和尿道炎)。[87]Cron RQ, Sherry DD. Reiter's syndrome associated with cryptosporidial gastroenteritis. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:1962-1963.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8991999?tool=bestpractice.com一项英国研究对初步诊断为隐孢子虫感染的 2 个月后的患者进行了研究,结果显示,与健康对照组相比,隐孢子虫病患者关节痛的持续时间更长。[84]Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, et al. Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:504-510.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/4/504.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15356813?tool=bestpractice.com与健康对照组相比,关节痛、眼痛、反复发作性头痛、晕眩和疲乏在人型隐孢子虫病(而非微小隐孢子虫病)患者中明显更常见。[84]Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, et al. Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:504-510.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/4/504.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15356813?tool=bestpractice.com
据信,感染可在一定程度上提高免疫力,但可能会反复感染。
免疫功能受损患者
疾病可能会比较持久,并且难以治疗。抗菌疗法可能会缓解症状,但几乎无效,往往会在停止治疗后复发。通常只改善基础免疫疾病可使病情显著缓解。若感染已得到抑制,但尚未完全清除,疾病还会在免疫功能恶化后复发。
CD4+ 细胞计数大于 180/mm^3 的 HIV 感染患者更可能患上短暂性或自限性疾病。[58]Flanigan T, Whalen C, Turner J, et al. Cryptosporidium infection and CD4 counts. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:840-842.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1348918?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Blanshard C, Jackson AM, Shanson DC, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seropositive patients. Q J Med. 1992;85:813-823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1362461?tool=bestpractice.com暴发性疾病(标志是每天排便量大于 2 L)仅可见于 CD4+ 细胞计数小于 50/mm^3 的患者。[59]Blanshard C, Jackson AM, Shanson DC, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seropositive patients. Q J Med. 1992;85:813-823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1362461?tool=bestpractice.com较低的 CD4+ 细胞计数是慢性腹泻的预测指标。[60]Navin TR, Weber R, Vugia DJ, et al. Declining CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts are associated with increased risk of enteric parasitosis and chronic diarrhea: results of a 3-year longitudinal study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999;20:154-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10048902?tool=bestpractice.com已经确定 CD4+ 细胞计数小于 200/mm^3 的艾滋病患者患有隐孢子虫病的 4 个显著临床症状如下:短暂的腹泻、病情复发、慢性腹泻和霍乱样疾病表现。[7]Manabe YC, Clark DP, Moore RD, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: correlates of disease and survival. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:536-542.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/3/536.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9770154?tool=bestpractice.com此类患者的主要症状是慢性腹泻和霍乱样疾病伴体重急剧下降。虽然隐孢子虫病会显著影响生存率,但这与个体隐孢子虫病的临床症状无关。[7]Manabe YC, Clark DP, Moore RD, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: correlates of disease and survival. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:536-542.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/3/536.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9770154?tool=bestpractice.com