案例#1
一名既往体健的 2 岁女孩出现大量腹泻,已持续 5 天,伴有一些呕吐。已出现食欲减退症状,目前体温正常,然而她母亲报告说她有些发热。尚未发现便血。她曾参观过宠物农场,期间抚摸过小牛等动物,回家一周后开始发病。
案例#2
一名 41 岁的 HIV 感染者主诉为持续性水样腹泻,已持续数月。他强调无便血,但已出现体重下降。他尚未接受高效抗逆转录病毒疗法 (HAART),其 CD4 淋巴细胞数是 48/mm^3。
其他表现
隐孢子虫可能会导致 T 细胞免疫缺陷人群尤其是原发性 T 细胞免疫缺陷、 HIV 感染晚期、淋巴瘤或白血病(尤其是儿童)患上危及生命的慢性难治性疾病。[1]Hunter PR, Nichols G. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:145-154.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/15/1/145?view=long&pmid=11781272http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781272?tool=bestpractice.com整个胃肠道(包括胆囊和胰管)可能受累,引发胰腺炎、胆囊炎、硬化性胆管炎和罕见的继发性胆汁性肝硬化。[1]Hunter PR, Nichols G. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:145-154.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/15/1/145?view=long&pmid=11781272http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781272?tool=bestpractice.com气管支气管损伤虽然罕见,但仍有可能会发生,并且这些人群患有鼻窦炎的病例早已有过报道。HIV 感染晚期的隐孢子虫病患者可能会出现肠壁囊样积气,进而引起腹膜后腔积气,但较为罕见,在这种情况下,肠壁内会出现含气囊肿,并有可能会破裂。[1]Hunter PR, Nichols G. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:145-154.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/15/1/145?view=long&pmid=11781272http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781272?tool=bestpractice.com
也有可能出现无症状携带者,至少可见于幼童人群,包括工业化国家的幼童。[8]Pettoello-Mantovani M, Di Martino L, Dettori G, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of intestinal Cryptosporidium immunocompetent and immunodeficient children: a prospective study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14:1042-1047.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8745015?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Isaacs D, Hunt GH, Phillpis AD, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompentent children. J Clin Pathol. 1985;38:76-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4038504?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Baxby D, Hart CA. The incidence of cryptosporidiosis: a two-year prospective survey in a children's hospital. J Hyg (Lond). 1986;96:107-111.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3950390?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Addiss DG, Stewart JM, Finton RJ, et al. Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium infections in child day-care centers in Fulton County, Georgia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991;10:907-911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1766706?tool=bestpractice.com[12]García-Rodríguez JA, Martín-Sánchez AM, Canut Blasco A, et al. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in children in day care centres and primary schools in Salamanca (Spain): an epidemiological study. Eur J Epidemiol. 1990;6:432-435.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2091947?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Davies AP, Campbell B, Evans MR, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of protozoan parasites in children in day care centers in the United Kingdom. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:838-840.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19684527?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Lacroix C, Berthier M, Agius G, et al. Cryptosporidium oocysts in immunocompetent children: epidemiologic investigations in the day-care centers of Poitiers, France. Eur J Epidemiol. 1987;3:381-385.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2826221?tool=bestpractice.com在非工业化国家,隐孢子虫病与儿童营养不良、体重减轻和生长发育障碍有关,虽然现有研究无法判断营养不良是否为隐孢子虫感染的致病因素,或者反之亦然。[15]Sallon S, Deckelbaum RJ, Schmid II, et al. Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:312-315.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3344720?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Sarabia-Arce S, Salazar-Lindo E, Gilman RH, et al. Case-control study of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children hospitalized for diarrhea: possible association with malnutrition and nosocomial infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9:627-631.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2235186?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Lima AA, Fang G, Schorling JB, et al. Persistent diarrhea in Northeast Brazil: etiologies and interactions with malnutrition. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1992;381:39-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1421939?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Mølbak K, Andersen M, Aaby P, et al. Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as a cause of malnutrition: a community study from Guinea-Bissau, west Africa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:149-152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8988927?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Checkley W, Epstein LD, Gilman RH, et al. Effects of Cryptosporidium parvum in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:497-506.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/148/5/497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9737562?tool=bestpractice.com