无标准治疗恶性胸膜间皮瘤的方法。对于许多罕见肿瘤,目前很少有评估不同治疗方法的前瞻性研究。必须根据就诊时的疾病分期、组织学证据及患者的总体健康状况进行个体化治疗。
手术
通常有两种不同的外科方法治疗原发性肿瘤:胸膜外肺切除术 (EPP) 和胸膜切除术联合去皮质术。但单用手术很少能达到治愈效果,其通常在多学科治疗(化疗联合或不联合放疗)的临床情况下一起进行治疗。针对 1989 至 2003 年期间的 394 例恶性胸膜间皮瘤患者进行的回顾性研究显示,其 2 年总生存率为 18.8%。[39]Borasio P, Berruti A, Billé A, et al. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: clinicopathologic and survival characteristics in a consecutive series of 394 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;33:307-313.http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/2/307.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18164622?tool=bestpractice.com其中 27 例患者 (6.8%) 接受了外科切除术(胸膜外肺切除术 15 例,胸膜切除术/胸膜剥除术 12 例),随后接受了辅助治疗。然而,由于试验中患者数量较少,手术对长期生存的影响仍不清楚。[39]Borasio P, Berruti A, Billé A, et al. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: clinicopathologic and survival characteristics in a consecutive series of 394 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;33:307-313.http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/2/307.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18164622?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Rusch VW, Piantadosi S, Holmes EC. The role of extrapleural pneumonectomy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. A Lung Cancer Study Group trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;102:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2072706?tool=bestpractice.com
EPP 切除壁胸膜和脏胸膜、同侧肺和心包以及整块偏侧膈。胸膜切除术联合去皮质术的局限性较大,要从胸壁、纵隔膜、心包膜和隔膜切除壁胸膜以及同侧肺的脏胸膜(去皮质术)。同侧肺仍然完整。EPP 与胸膜切除术联合去皮质术相比的优势性尚未被证明,但 EPP 确实能促进术后放疗效果,降低局部复发的风险。[40]Rusch VW, Piantadosi S, Holmes EC. The role of extrapleural pneumonectomy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. A Lung Cancer Study Group trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;102:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2072706?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Zellos L, Jaklitsch MT, Al-Mourgi MA, et al. Complications of extrapleural pneumonectomy. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;19:355-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395638?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Flores RM, Pass HI, Seshan VE, et al. Extrapleural pneumonectomy versus pleurectomy/decortication in the surgical management of malignant pleural mesothelioma: results in 663 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:620-626, 626.e1-e3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18329481?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Treasure T, Lang-Lazdunski L, Waller D, et al. Extra-pleural pneumonectomy versus no extra-pleural pneumonectomy for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: clinical outcomes of the Mesothelioma and Radical Surgery (MARS) randomised feasibility study. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:763-772.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148430/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723781?tool=bestpractice.com但 EPP 术后出现并发症的风险较高,即使是在有经验的医疗中心进行。[41]Zellos L, Jaklitsch MT, Al-Mourgi MA, et al. Complications of extrapleural pneumonectomy. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;19:355-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395638?tool=bestpractice.com术后死亡风险:有中等质量的证据显示,胸膜切除术联合去皮质术(术后死亡率约为 4%)后的生存率优于胸膜外肺切除术 (EPP)(术后死亡风险为 4%~15%)的生存率。[40]Rusch VW, Piantadosi S, Holmes EC. The role of extrapleural pneumonectomy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. A Lung Cancer Study Group trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;102:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2072706?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Zellos L, Jaklitsch MT, Al-Mourgi MA, et al. Complications of extrapleural pneumonectomy. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;19:355-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395638?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Flores RM, Pass HI, Seshan VE, et al. Extrapleural pneumonectomy versus pleurectomy/decortication in the surgical management of malignant pleural mesothelioma: results in 663 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:620-626, 626.e1-e3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18329481?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。EPP 最适合用于有上皮样组织学证据、无淋巴结累及和有充足心肺储备的患者。手术不会显著改善肉瘤样间皮瘤患者的生存情况。
化疗
对于有切除恶性胸膜间皮瘤适应症的患者,可以在术前进行化疗以提高切除效果和提高生存率。大部分研究显示,使用顺铂双药化疗患者的反应率约为 30%,而之后进行EPP治疗的患者的反应率约 75%。[34]de Perrot M, Feld R, Cho BC, et al. Trimodality therapy with induction chemotherapy followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy and adjuvant high-dose hemithoracic radiation for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1413-1418.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19224855?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Krug LM, Pass HI, Rusch VW, et al. Multicenter phase II trial of neoadjuvant pemetrexed plus cisplatin followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy and radiation for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3007-3013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19364962?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Flores RM, Krug LM, Rosenzweig KE, et al. Induction chemotherapy, extrapleural pneumonectomy, and postoperative high-dose radiotherapy for locally advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma: a phase II trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1:289-295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409872?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Weder W, Stahel RA, Bernhard J, et al. Multicenter trial of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:1196-1202.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/7/1196.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17429100?tool=bestpractice.com同样地,已进行 EPP 的患者也经常进行顺铂的辅助化疗。
对于有不能动手术或复发性间皮瘤的患者,通常进行化疗以改善生活质量和生存。一项随机研究将化疗与积极症状控制进行了对比,发现总生存率或生活质量方面无明显差异。[31]Muers MF, Stephens RJ, Fisher P, et al. Active symptom control with or without chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MS01): a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2008;371:1685-1694.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2431123/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18486741?tool=bestpractice.com但 2 项较早的随机研究显示,顺铂与抗叶酸剂联合使用比单独使用顺铂更能改善生存情况。[47]van Meerbeeck JP, Gaafar R, Manegold C, et al. Randomized phase III study of cisplatin with or without raltitrexed in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: an intergroup study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Group and the National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6881-6889.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16192580?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Vogelzang NJ, Rusthoven JJ, Symanowski J, et al. Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2636-2644.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860938?tool=bestpractice.com疗效:有高质量的证据表明,培美曲塞联合顺铂(中位生存时间为 12.1 个月)在提高生存率方面优于单独使用顺铂(中位生存时间为 9.3 个月)。[48]Vogelzang NJ, Rusthoven JJ, Symanowski J, et al. Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2636-2644.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860938?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。尤其是,已证明与单独的顺铂相比,联合使用培美曲塞和顺铂能显著增加那些不能动手术的间皮瘤患者的生存期并缓解症状。[49]Green J, Dundar Y, Dodd S, et al. Pemetrexed disodium in combination with cisplatin versus other cytotoxic agents or supportive care for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD005574.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005574.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253564?tool=bestpractice.com用维生素补充(叶酸和维生素 B12)治疗降低了培美曲塞相关的血液学毒性风险。因此,对于状态良好(指能很好地进行日常活动)的合适患者,建议联合使用顺铂和培美曲塞作为一线化疗方案,每 21 日一次。应添加维生素(尤其是 B12 和叶酸),以降低血液学毒性风险。
顺铂有肾毒性,会导致恶心、呕吐。卡铂具有良好的安全性且容易给药,因此经常用以替代顺铂。虽然没有比较顺铂和卡铂的试验,但基于一些单臂 II 期试验的结果,二者疗效相似。[50]Ceresoli GL, Zucali PA, Favaretto AG, et al. Phase II study of pemetrexed plus carboplatin in malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1443-1448.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/24/9/1443.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549838?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 III 期试验显示,与单用化疗相比,贝伐珠单抗与(培美曲塞和顺铂)化疗联用可使不可切除型胸膜间皮瘤患者生存率显著提高。[51]Zalcman G, Mazieres J, Margery J, et al; French Cooperative Thoracic Intergroup (IFCT). Bevacizumab for newly diagnosed pleural mesothelioma in the Mesothelioma Avastin Cisplatin Pemetrexed Study (MAPS): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1405-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26719230?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐将贝伐珠单抗用于以下患者:体力状态评分>2,有心血管实质共病,高血压未得到控制,年龄>75 岁,存在出血或凝血风险或其他使用贝伐珠单抗的禁忌症。没有足够数据推荐将贝伐珠单抗与卡铂加培美曲塞联用。
虽然探索了多种药物和药物联合治疗恶性胸膜间皮瘤,还没有标准的二线化疗方案。[52]Fennell DA, Steele JP, Shamash J, et al. Efficacy and safety of first- or second-line irinotecan, cisplatin, and mitomycin in mesothelioma. Cancer. 2007;109:93-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17146783?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Stebbing J, Powles T, McPherson K, et al. The efficacy and safety of weekly vinorelbine in relapsed malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer. 2009;63:94-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18486273?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Zucali PA, Ceresoli GL, Garassino I, et al. Gemcitabine and vinorelbine in pemetrexed-pretreated patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer. 2008;112:1555-1561.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18286536?tool=bestpractice.com如果一线化疗时未进行培美曲塞给药,则应在二线化疗时考虑,单独或联合与铂类药物使用。[55]Jassem J, Ramlau R, Santoro A, et al. Phase III trial of pemetrexed plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care in previously treated patients with advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1698-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18375898?tool=bestpractice.com
放疗
胸膜外肺切除术后的患者,对同侧胸腔和胸壁进行放疗 (RT) 可用作辅助疗法,或缓解肿瘤局部/区域生长导致的症状。一般不建议在胸膜切除术联合胸膜剥除术后进行全面放疗,因为存在导致放射性肺炎的风险。即使术后使用中度剂量的 RT,局部失效的风险仍然很高。由于同侧肺没有受累,应当禁止诱发放射性肺炎的风险。[56]Gupta V, Mychalczak B, Krug L, et al. Hemithoracic radiation therapy after pleurectomy/decortication for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;6:1045-1052.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16054774?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Lee TT, Everett DL, Shu HK, et al. Radical pleurectomy/decortication and intraoperative radiotherapy followed by conformal radiation with or without chemotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;124:1183-1189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12447185?tool=bestpractice.com经过改进的射线传输技术,例如调强放疗 (IMRT),可向目标结构传输足够的剂量,同时将放射性肺炎的风险降至最低。[58]Rimner A, Zauderer MG, Gomez DR, et al. Phase II study of hemithoracic intensity-modulated pleural radiation therapy (IMPRINT) as part of lung-sparing multimodality therapy in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2761-2768.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27325859?tool=bestpractice.com
胸膜外肺切除术 (EPP) 后进行放疗的作用目前仍有争议。单独 EPP 治疗后局部失效的风险仍然较高,联合使用 RT 可合理地降低该风险。[40]Rusch VW, Piantadosi S, Holmes EC. The role of extrapleural pneumonectomy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. A Lung Cancer Study Group trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;102:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2072706?tool=bestpractice.com事实上,初步研究已显示联合使用 EPP 和强度调制的 RT 可获得局部的有效控制率。[34]de Perrot M, Feld R, Cho BC, et al. Trimodality therapy with induction chemotherapy followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy and adjuvant high-dose hemithoracic radiation for malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1413-1418.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19224855?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Rice DC, Stevens CW, Correa AM, et al. Outcomes after extrapleural pneumonectomy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:1685-1692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17954086?tool=bestpractice.com但必须注意控制对侧肺的剂量,以防止造成对侧肺的致命性损伤。[60]Allen AM, Czerminska M, Janne PA, et al. Fatal pneumonitis associated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for mesothelioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:640-645.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751058?tool=bestpractice.com一项新辅助化疗和 EPP 后大剂量半胸放疗试验显示,接受术后放疗的患者的局部无复发生存率无显著改善。[61]Stahel RA, Riesterer O, Xyrafas A, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and extrapleural pneumonectomy of malignant pleural mesothelioma with or without hemithoracic radiotherapy (SAKK 17/04): a randomised, international, multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1651-1658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26538423?tool=bestpractice.com不过,该研究在方法上存在缺陷。
RT也可以用来减轻局部病变引起的不适症状、最常见的由于胸壁侵入引起的疼痛或气道梗阻引起的呼吸短促。缩短RT疗程是否能有效减少创伤性诊断过程后的恶性转移尚不清楚。[62]Boutin C, Rey F, Viallat JR. Prevention of malignant seeding after invasive diagnostic procedures in patients with pleural mesothelioma. A randomized trial of local radiotherapy. Chest. 1995;108:754-758.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/21720/754.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7656629?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Bydder S, Phillips M, Joseph DJ, et al. A randomised trial of single-dose radiotherapy to prevent procedure tract metastasis by malignant mesothelioma. Br J Cancer. 2004;91:9-10.http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v91/n1/full/6601957a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15199394?tool=bestpractice.com[64]O'Rourke N, Garcia JC, Paul J, et al. A randomised controlled trial of intervention site radiotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Radiother Oncol. 2007;84:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17588698?tool=bestpractice.com一个系统性综述表明,电视辅助胸腔镜手术后进行预防性照射治疗是不适当的。[65]Nagendran M, Pallis A, Patel K, et al. Should all patients who have mesothelioma diagnosed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery have their intervention sites irradiated? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011;13:66-69.http://icvts.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/1/66.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451088?tool=bestpractice.com一项通过预防性放疗预防大口径胸腔介入手术后操作道转移的研究发现,即刻和延迟放疗组的操作道转移发生率无显著差异。[66]Clive AO, Taylor H, Dobson L, et al. Prophylactic radiotherapy for the prevention of procedure-tract metastases after surgical and large-bore pleural procedures in malignant pleural mesothelioma (SMART): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:1094-1104.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961873/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27345639?tool=bestpractice.com
对无手术适应症或复发的患者采用姑息疗法
胸腔穿刺术和胸膜固定术可缓解症状。除有助于诊断外,胸腔穿刺术通常可临时缓解因大面积胸膜腔积液而呼吸困难的患者的症状。可进行胸膜固定术(即人工胸膜腔闭塞术)以免胸水再次集聚。滑石粉胸膜固定术似乎是最有效的组织硬化剂。[67]Clive AO, Jones HE, Bhatnagar R, et al. Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD010529.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010529.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27155783?tool=bestpractice.com电视辅助胸腔镜手术 (VATS) 辅助下的胸膜固定术可获得最佳的结果。[67]Clive AO, Jones HE, Bhatnagar R, et al. Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD010529.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010529.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27155783?tool=bestpractice.com一项随机研究显示,VATS 部分胸膜切除术在提高生存率或症状控制方面并不优于滑石粉胸膜固定术。[68]Rintoul RC, Ritchie AJ, Edwards JG, et al.; MesoVATS Collaborators. Efficacy and cost of video-assisted thoracoscopic partial pleurectomy versus talc pleurodesis in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MesoVATS): an open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;384:1118-1127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24942631?tool=bestpractice.com
某些姑息性干预疗法可帮助改善症状、心理功能和生活质量。有些措施包括护理计划、呼吸困难的干预性治疗、建议,以及心理治疗、社会心理和教育干预。[69]Rueda JR, Solà I, Pascual A, et al. Non-invasive interventions for improving well-being and quality of life in patients with lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(9):CD004282.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004282.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901689?tool=bestpractice.com