案例#1
一名 35 岁男子因连续 3 天的腹泻、呕吐和发热病史被带至利比里亚境内的一家埃博拉病毒筛查中心进行筛查。他报告说,他在 2 周前参加了一名死于埃博拉病毒感染的护士的葬礼。他在 24 小时前出现吞咽困难和呃逆,但是在此之前饮食正常。他没有出现出血症状。检查结果显示他患有轻度结膜出血、身体躯干有微弱的斑丘疹、轻度上腹部压痛和肝肿大。入院时的生命体征如下:体温 38.3 ℃、心率 100 次/分钟、血压 115/62 mmHg、呼吸频率 25 次/分钟,血氧饱和度 99%。
案例#2
一名曾在塞拉利昂境内一所埃博拉病毒感染治疗中心工作的 37 岁医生于 3 天前返回英国。她出现了发热(大约持续了 12 个小时)、头痛和肌痛症状。她报告说她 10 天前在埃博拉病毒感染治疗中心内打开一个药瓶时被割伤了。她报告说在逗留期间,她服用了阿托伐醌/氯胍以预防疟疾。除若干蚊子咬伤之外,检查结果未发现任何异常。生命体征如下:体温 39.0 ℃、心率 110 次/分钟、血压 120/75 mmHg、呼吸频率 25 次/分钟,血氧饱和度 99%。
其他表现
最终死于埃博拉病毒感染的患者往往会在感染早期出现临床体征,并且通常会在感染后的 6-16 天内死亡(由于休克和多器官衰竭)。[6]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:964-976.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com[13]McElroy AK, Erickson BR, Flietstra TD, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: novel biomarker correlates of clinical outcome. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:558-566.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/210/4/558.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24526742?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Mahanty S, Bray M. Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:487-498.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(04)01103-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15288821?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Yan T, Mu J, Qin E, et al. Clinical characteristics of 154 patients suspected of having Ebola disease in the Ebola holding centre of Jui government hospital in Sierra Leone during the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34:2089-2095.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223324?tool=bestpractice.com
在以往的埃博拉病毒感染疫情暴发期间,30%-36% 的感染患者有出血表现(例如鼻出血、牙龈出血、咯血、易有瘀斑、结膜出血、血尿以及注射或静脉穿刺部位渗血);[11]Barrette RW, Metwally SA, Rowland JM, et al. Discovery of swine as a host for the Reston ebolavirus. Science. 2009;325:204-206.http://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5937/204.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19590002?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(suppl 3):S810-S816.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S810.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987756?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(suppl 1):S1-S7.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/179/Supplement_1/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988155?tool=bestpractice.com 然而据报告,在 2014 年埃博拉疫情暴发期间,仅有 5%-18% 的患者有出血表现。[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola virus disease in West Africa: the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1481-1495.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244186?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Dallatomasinas S, Crestani R, Squire JS, et al. Ebola outbreak in rural West Africa: epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:448-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25565430?tool=bestpractice.com 大量出血通常仅在致命病例中可见,且通常发生在胃肠道(例如血性腹泻和黑便)。[16]Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(suppl 3):S810-S816.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S810.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987756?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Bah EI, Lamah MC, Fletcher T, et al. Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:40-47.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411249#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372658?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Chertow DS, Kleine C, Edwards JK, et al. Ebola virus disease in West Africa - clinical manifestations and management. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2054-2057.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1413084http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372854?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, et al; KGH Lassa Fever Program; Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium; WHO Clinical Response Team. Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2092-2100.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411680#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25353969?tool=bestpractice.com 如果无外部体征,内出血可能会被漏诊。
提示重度感染或晚期感染的其他体征包括呃逆、低血压、心动过速、肝肿大、脾肿大、意识模糊和癫痫发作。
多达一半的患者会出现斑丘疹,在有凝血障碍的患者中,它有可能进展为紫癜样斑丘疹或瘀斑样斑丘疹。[16]Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(suppl 3):S810-S816.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S810.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987756?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Nkoghe D, Leroy EM, Toung-Mve M, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of filovirus infections. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:1037-1043.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909355?tool=bestpractice.com