主要的治疗方法是在医院环境下,早期鉴别感染、进行有效隔离以及给予可用的最佳支持性治疗。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 在塞拉利昂克里镇 (Kerrytown) 的救助儿童会 (Save The Children) 埃博拉治疗中心,多学科联合查房(卫生部代表、古巴医疗队代表和一名英国临床医生)来自 Tom E. Fletcher (MBE, MBChB, MRCP, DTM&H) 收集的资料;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
高病死率可能与埃博拉病毒感染疫情暴发在资源匮乏的农村地区有关,那里可用的支持性治疗有限,反映这些农村地区的患者难以从超负荷医疗保健机构获得基本医疗服务。[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola virus disease in West Africa: the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1481-1495.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244186?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Bah EI, Lamah MC, Fletcher T, et al. Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:40-47.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411249#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372658?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 西非地区一所埃博拉病毒感染治疗中心的一般情况(2014)来自 Catherine F. Houlihan (MSc, MB ChB, MRCP, DTMH) 的个人收集资料;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 西非地区一所埃博拉病毒感染治疗中心的病区(2014)来自 Chris Lane (MSc) 的个人资料收集;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
输入西班牙、德国、法国、挪威、意大利、瑞士、英国和美国等发达国家的病例情况则完全不同,可以在医院环境下获得全面的支持性治疗,包括重症监护病房的器官功能支持。[37]Kreuels B, Wichmann D, Emmerich P, et al. A case of severe Ebola virus infection complicated by gram-negative septicemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2394-2401.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411677#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337633?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Wolf T, Kann G, Becker S, et al. Severe Ebola virus disease with vascular leakage and multiorgan failure: treatment of a patient in intensive care. Lancet. 2015;385:1428-1435.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2962384-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25534190?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管如此,即使在能够获得最佳支持性治疗的发达国家/地区,由于缺乏证实有效的特异性疗法,也有死亡病例。[88]Lyon GM, Mehta AK, Varkey JB, et al; Emory Serious Communicable Diseases Unit. Clinical care of two patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2402-2409.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1409838#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25390460?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Parra JM, Salmerón OJ, Velasco M. The first case of Ebola virus disease acquired outside Africa. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2439-2440.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1412662http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409262?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Uyeki TM, Mehta AK, Davey RT Jr, et al. Clinical management of Ebola virus disease in the United States and Europe. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:636-646.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1504874#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26886522?tool=bestpractice.com
对于将预后不良的晚期疾病患者转移至院内感染危险较高的重症监护病房的适宜性,之前曾存在激烈争论。以前认为,若不为疑似的(但未经确诊的)感染患者提供全面的支持性治疗可能会导致给予这些患者标准以下的治疗,这些患者之后可能被诊断为存在可治愈的疾病(例如疟疾)。现在已经清楚,充分的支持性治疗可以降低死亡率,据报告,在西非地区以外治疗的患者,其存活率为 81.5%,所以应尽可能提供支持性治疗。[116]Zacharowski K, Brodt HR, Wolf T. Medical treatment of an Ebola-infected doctor -ethics over costs? Lancet. 2015;385:685.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60279-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25706208?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Solano T, Gilbert GL, Kerridge IH, et al. Ethical considerations in the management of Ebola virus disease. Med J Aust. 2015;203:193-195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26268293?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Jacobs M, Beadsworth M, Schmid M, et al. Provision of care for Ebola. Lancet. 2014;384:2105-2106.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)62250-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479694?tool=bestpractice.com 在转移至重症监护病房之前和已经转移至重症监护病房的疑似患者,当地医院的诊疗流程指南应考虑如何处理这种情况。[95]Fowler RA, Fletcher T, Fischer WA 2nd, et al. Caring for critically ill patients with Ebola virus disease. Perspectives from West Africa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:733-737.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201408-1514CP#.VEe1OvldWnAhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25166884?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Uyeki TM, Mehta AK, Davey RT Jr, et al. Clinical management of Ebola virus disease in the United States and Europe. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:636-646.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1504874#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26886522?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Solano T, Gilbert GL, Kerridge IH, et al. Ethical considerations in the management of Ebola virus disease. Med J Aust. 2015;203:193-195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26268293?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Decker BK, Sevransky JE, Barrett K, et al. Preparing for critical care services to patients with ebola. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:831-832.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910124http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244048?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Canadian Critical Care Society; Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians; Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Canada. Ebola clinical care guidelines: a guide for clinicians in Canada. October 2014. http://www.canadiancriticalcare.org/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://www.canadiancriticalcare.org/resources/Pictures/Ebola%20Clinical%20Care%20Guidelines_ENG.pdf
儿童应交由具有儿科专业知识的医护人员治疗。非流行区的儿童治疗规划非常复杂,主张重症监护医生在切实可行的情况下尽早参与治疗。[121]Olupot-Olupot P. Ebola in children: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and outcomes. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34:314-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25522340?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Herberg JA, Emonts M, Jacobs M, et al. UK preparedness for children with Ebola infection. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:421-423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25694613?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Eriksson CO, Uyeki TM, Christian MD, et al. Care of the child with Ebola virus disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:97-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25647119?tool=bestpractice.com
增加医生与患者的比例可能减少死亡率。推荐人员配备比为至少每一个临床工作者(指护士、临床主任、或内科医生)分配四名患者,以使患者能够接受每天三次的病情评估。[124]Lamontagne F, Fowler RA, Adhikari NK, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for supportive care of patients with Ebola virus disease. Lancet. 2018 Feb 17;391(10121):700-708.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31795-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29054555?tool=bestpractice.com
埃博拉病毒感染是一种法定报告传染病。
隔离和感染控制
根据 WHO 或 CDC 的病例定义,被确定存在感染风险的患者应立即转移至配备专用卫生间的房间进行隔离:
照护患者的所有医疗保健工作人员都必须遵照公布的治疗方案穿戴个人防护设备 (PPE)。所有受污染的物品(例如服装、床上用品)都应视为具有潜在传染性。WHO 和 CDC 制定了详细的个人防护设备使用指导:
WHO 和 CDC 为西非地区的医务工作者制定了详细的感染控制指导:
应根据当地和国家治疗方案采集和运送标本,以进行实验室检查(例如埃博拉病毒 RT-PCR、全血细胞计数、血清肌酐和尿素、肝功能检查、动脉血气、凝血功能检查、血培养和针对其他疾病 [例如疟疾] 的检查)。明智选择检查项目对降低实验室工作人员和其他医疗保健工作人员面临的传播风险至关重要。在患者住院早期给予中心静脉置管(如果可能)有助于采集血液和输液,同时最大限度地降低针刺伤风险。[125]Rees PS, Lamb LE, Nicholson-Roberts TC, et al. Safety and feasibility of a strategy of early central venous catheter insertion in a deployed UK military Ebola virus disease treatment unit. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:735-743.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25761540?tool=bestpractice.com WHO 和 CDC 制定了详细的标本采集指导:
补液和补充电解质
呕吐和腹泻频发意味着患者处于脱水和低血容量状态,尤其是在就诊延迟的情况下。这可能是埃博拉病毒感染疫情暴发期间病死率高的原因,因为基本临床监测(即体温、呼吸频率、脉率、血压和液体输入量/排出量)至关重要,但是在资源匮乏的地区往往难以进行基本临床监测。
对于可耐受口服给药且脱水不严重的患者,可以使用口服补液溶液,但大多数患者需要静脉补液,可使用生理盐水或乳酸林格氏液。[20]Bah EI, Lamah MC, Fletcher T, et al. Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:40-47.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411249#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372658?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Hunt L, Gupta-Wright A, Simms V, et al. Clinical presentation, biochemical, and haematological parameters and their association with outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:1292-1299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26271406?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 西非地区一所埃博拉病毒感染治疗中心提供的口服补液溶液(2014 年)来自 Chris Lane (MSc) 的个人资料收集;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 为一名成年埃博拉病毒病患者进行静脉置管(西非)来自 Tom E. Fletcher (MBE, MBChB, MRCP, DTM&H) 收集的资料;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
有低灌注的标志性表现时可能提示口服液体不良或不充分,患者应立即转为静脉输注。可选择的路径有周围或中心静脉输注、或骨髓腔内输注。[124]Lamontagne F, Fowler RA, Adhikari NK, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for supportive care of patients with Ebola virus disease. Lancet. 2018 Feb 17;391(10121):700-708.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31795-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29054555?tool=bestpractice.com
应根据临床检查情况(例如脱水程度和休克体征)和液体损失量(例如腹泻和/或呕吐量)评估所需的静脉输液量。具有腹泻症状的发热患者可能需要大量补液(高达 10 L/天)。[37]Kreuels B, Wichmann D, Emmerich P, et al. A case of severe Ebola virus infection complicated by gram-negative septicemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2394-2401.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411677#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337633?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Perner A, Fowler R, Bellomo R, et al. Ebola care and research protocols. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:111-114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427868?tool=bestpractice.com[127]Roberts I, Perner A. Ebola virus disease: clinical care and patient-centred research. Lancet. 2014;384:2001-2002.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2962316-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25483156?tool=bestpractice.com 可能还需要大量补充钾(例如每小时 5-10 mmol/L [5-10 mEq/L] 氯化钾)。[22]Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, et al; KGH Lassa Fever Program; Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium; WHO Clinical Response Team. Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2092-2100.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411680#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25353969?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Wolf T, Kann G, Becker S, et al. Severe Ebola virus disease with vascular leakage and multiorgan failure: treatment of a patient in intensive care. Lancet. 2015;385:1428-1435.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2962384-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25534190?tool=bestpractice.com[128]Clay KA, Johnston AM, Moore A, et al. Targeted electrolyte replacement in patients with Ebola virus disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1030-1031.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26056238?tool=bestpractice.com
必须严密监督和频繁监测患者情况,因这对于评价患者对治疗的反应和预防容量超负荷非常重要。应频繁检查患者是否有休克、脱水或水中毒的体征,并相应地对输液速度做出调整。必须每天对生命体征(如心率、血压、尿量、胃肠道液体的丧失)和容积状态进行至少三次的系统性监测,以发现低血容量。[124]Lamontagne F, Fowler RA, Adhikari NK, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for supportive care of patients with Ebola virus disease. Lancet. 2018 Feb 17;391(10121):700-708.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31795-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29054555?tool=bestpractice.com
口服洛哌丁胺可能有助于缓解严重腹泻,但需要进一步的证据以确定口服洛哌丁胺的疗效,世界卫生组织目前并不建议使用口服洛哌丁胺。[129]World Health Organization. Manual for the care and management of patients in Ebola care units/community care centres: interim emergency guidance. January 2015. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/patient-care-CCUs/en/[130]Kendall RE, Gosser RA, Schulz LT, et al. Anti-diarrheal medication use in the treatment of Ebola virus-induced diarrhea. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2015;13:205-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25682446?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Chertow DS, Uyeki TM, DuPont HL. Loperamide therapy for voluminous diarrhea in Ebola virus disease. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:1036-1037.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/02/04/infdis.jiv001.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25573887?tool=bestpractice.com[132]World Health Organization. Clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: a pocket guide for the front-line health worker. February 2016. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/205570/1/9789241549608_eng.pdf?ua=1
隔离设施内现场备有床旁诊断化验,有助于更有效地监测患者的生化状态,并减少与标本运送相关的风险。[95]Fowler RA, Fletcher T, Fischer WA 2nd, et al. Caring for critically ill patients with Ebola virus disease. Perspectives from West Africa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:733-737.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201408-1514CP#.VEe1OvldWnAhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25166884?tool=bestpractice.com 应每天进行电解质监测,必要时充分给予。[20]Bah EI, Lamah MC, Fletcher T, et al. Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:40-47.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411249#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372658?tool=bestpractice.com 如果正在进行大量静脉输液,或者出现严重的生化异常,可以考虑提高监测频率。血乳酸水平高是低灌注的可靠指标,有助于指导进行液体复苏。[95]Fowler RA, Fletcher T, Fischer WA 2nd, et al. Caring for critically ill patients with Ebola virus disease. Perspectives from West Africa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:733-737.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201408-1514CP#.VEe1OvldWnAhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25166884?tool=bestpractice.com
应参阅世界卫生组织的相关指南,以了解有关液体和电解质管理,以及急性期和康复期维持营养充足的具体建议。
World Health Organization (WHO): manual for the care and management of patients in Ebola care units/community care centres - interim emergency guidance
World Health Organization (WHO): clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: a pocket guide for the front-line health worker
症状管理
发热和疼痛:
胃肠道症状:
2014 年西非疫情暴发时,粪便管理系统在严重腹泻患者中的应用非常成功。其耐受性良好,且可预防医务工作者的感染以及有益于感染控制。[97]Dickson SJ, Clay KA, Adam M, et al. Enhanced case management can be delivered for patients with EVD in Africa: experience from a UK military Ebola treatment centre in Sierra Leone. J Infect. 2018 Apr;76(4):383-392.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5903873/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29248587?tool=bestpractice.com
烧心症状/吞咽困难/腹痛:
癫痫发作:
激越:
呼吸窘迫:
某些患者可能需要建立骨内通路。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 为一名危重的成年埃博拉病毒病患者插入骨内管路(西非)来自 Tom E. Fletcher (MBE, MBChB, MRCP, DTM&H) 收集的资料;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
脓毒症/脓毒性休克
应使用既定标准快速识别脓毒症或休克。
治疗遵循与细菌性脓毒症相同的原则。还应遵循当地的指导,但应包括:[133]Rhodes A, Evens LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:304-377.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-017-4683-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28101605?tool=bestpractice.com
感染患者会被给予广谱抗生素,并针对所推测的移位肠道微生物。这没有任何证据支持,并且难以对感染患者安全地开展血培养。在一些情况下,尤其是在难以进行诊断检查的流行区,患者的治疗方案通常包括给予广谱抗生素。
血乳酸水平检测是一种有帮助的工具,有助于评估灌注程度和对复苏的反应。
如果患者对初始治疗无反应,应考虑使用正性肌力药,最好在重症监护病房经中心静脉导管给予,在重症监护病房的有创监测使得可以更积极地纠正液体、电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱。[95]Fowler RA, Fletcher T, Fischer WA 2nd, et al. Caring for critically ill patients with Ebola virus disease. Perspectives from West Africa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:733-737.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201408-1514CP#.VEe1OvldWnAhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25166884?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Canadian Critical Care Society; Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians; Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Canada. Ebola clinical care guidelines: a guide for clinicians in Canada. October 2014. http://www.canadiancriticalcare.org/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://www.canadiancriticalcare.org/resources/Pictures/Ebola%20Clinical%20Care%20Guidelines_ENG.pdf
应考虑出血的可能性,尤其在有皮肤或黏膜出血的患者中。
应参阅世界卫生组织的相关指南,以了解有关脓毒症/脓毒症休克治疗的具体建议。
World Health Organization (WHO): manual for the care and management of patients in Ebola care units/community care centres - interim emergency guidance
World Health Organization (WHO): clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: a pocket guide for the front-line health worker
显著出血
大出血不常发生,但却是严重感染的表现,严重感染通常为致命性,但并非每次都是致命的。
若条件允许,应根据当地政策给予新鲜全血或血小板和血浆,并由临床指标和实验室(若有条件的话)指标(如血红蛋白、红细胞比容、国际标准化比值)指导后续治疗。[132]World Health Organization. Clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: a pocket guide for the front-line health worker. February 2016. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/205570/1/9789241549608_eng.pdf?ua=1[134]Wada H, Thachil J, Di Nisio M, et al. Guidance for diagnosis and treatment of DIC from harmonization of the recommendations from three guidelines. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:761-767.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jth.12155/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23379279?tool=bestpractice.com
维生素 K 和氨甲环酸可作为出血患者较合理的治疗选择。[132]World Health Organization. Clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: a pocket guide for the front-line health worker. February 2016. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/205570/1/9789241549608_eng.pdf?ua=1
器官功能障碍
多器官功能障碍是晚期感染的常见症状,包括急性肾损伤、胰腺炎、肾上腺衰竭和肝损伤。肝损伤(例如肝炎)常见;然而,黄疸并不常见。[60]Fletcher T, Fowler RA, Beeching NJ. Understanding organ dysfunction in Ebola virus disease. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:1936-1939.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25366120?tool=bestpractice.com 肾功能障碍常见,但是在初期阶段通过使用足量液体复苏可逆转肾功能障碍。[60]Fletcher T, Fowler RA, Beeching NJ. Understanding organ dysfunction in Ebola virus disease. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:1936-1939.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25366120?tool=bestpractice.com 在对液体复苏无反应的无尿患者中,已经在应用肾替代疗法,但没有任何试验数据支持这种干预的有效性。在欧洲和北美 5 名多器官衰竭的重症患者接受了有创机械通气和肾脏替代治疗,其中有 3 例患者死亡。[37]Kreuels B, Wichmann D, Emmerich P, et al. A case of severe Ebola virus infection complicated by gram-negative septicemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2394-2401.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411677#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337633?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Lyon GM, Mehta AK, Varkey JB, et al; Emory Serious Communicable Diseases Unit. Clinical care of two patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2402-2409.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1409838#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25390460?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Wolf T, Kann G, Becker S, et al. Severe Ebola virus disease with vascular leakage and multiorgan failure: treatment of a patient in intensive care. Lancet. 2015;385:1428-1435.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2962384-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25534190?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Uyeki TM, Mehta AK, Davey RT Jr, et al. Clinical management of Ebola virus disease in the United States and Europe. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:636-646.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1504874#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26886522?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Connor MJ Jr, Kraft C, Mehta AK, et al. Successful delivery of RRT in Ebola virus disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:31-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25398785?tool=bestpractice.com
输注源自康复期患者的全血或血浆
来自以往埃博拉病毒感染疫情暴发期间的有限证据表明,在急性感染期,输注康复患者的血液可能使患者受益,并可能降低病死率。[9]Roddy P, Howard N, Van Kerkhove MD, et al. Clinical manifestations and case management of Ebola haemorrhagic fever caused by a newly identified virus strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007-2008. PLoS One. 2012;7:e52986.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052986http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285243?tool=bestpractice.com[136]World Health Organization. Interim guidance: potential Ebola therapies and vaccines. November 2014. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137590/1/WHO_EVD_HIS_EMP_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1 与使用全血相比,使用康复期患者血浆很可能更切实可行且更有效。[137]Kreil TR. Treatment of Ebola virus infection with antibodies from reconvalescent donors. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:521-523.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/3/14-1838_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25695274?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Gutfraind A, Myers LA. Evaluating large-scale blood transfusion therapy for the current Ebola epidemic in Liberia. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:1262-1267.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/211/8/1262http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25635118?tool=bestpractice.com 世界卫生组织制定了有关使用康复患者血液/血浆的临时指南。在几内亚进行的临床试验中,未能证实接受康复者血浆治疗的患者可以获得生存获益,尽管该治疗似乎是安全的,且无严重并发症的记录。[139]van Griensven J, Edwards T, de Lamballerie X, et al. Evaluation of convalescent plasma for Ebola virus disease in Guinea. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:33-42.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1511812#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735992?tool=bestpractice.com[140]van Griensven J, De Weiggheleire A, Delamou A, et al. The use of Ebola convalescent plasma to treat Ebola virus disease in resource-constrained settings: a perspective from the field. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:69-74.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/1/69/2462604/The-Use-of-Ebola-Convalescent-Plasma-to-Treathttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26261205?tool=bestpractice.com
World Health Organization (WHO): use of convalescent whole blood or plasma collected from patients recovered from Ebola virus disease for transfusion, as an empirical treatment during outbreaks
World Health Organization (WHO): ethics of using convalescent whole blood and convalescent plasma during the Ebola epidemic
合并疟疾感染
应进行疟疾诊断试验,如果存在疟疾,立即给予适当的抗疟疾治疗,同时应记住患者存在埃博拉病毒感染风险和双重感染的可能性。在流行区,常规治疗方案通常包括抗疟疾治疗(不论是否确诊有该感染)。
妊娠女性
在以往的埃博拉病毒感染疫情暴发期间,报道的妊娠女性病死率(高达 96%)高于非妊娠女性。[141]Mupapa K, Mukundu W, Bwaka MA, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever and pregnancy. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(suppl 1):S11-S12.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/179/Supplement_1/S11.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988157?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠女性的一般内科治疗与任何其他感染患者的完全相同。感染后分娩期出血和自然流产似乎常见;因此,产科管理应注重监测并及早治疗出血性并发症。[21]Chertow DS, Kleine C, Edwards JK, et al. Ebola virus disease in West Africa - clinical manifestations and management. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2054-2057.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1413084http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372854?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Mupapa K, Mukundu W, Bwaka MA, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever and pregnancy. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(suppl 1):S11-S12.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/179/Supplement_1/S11.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988157?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Jamieson DJ, Uyeki TM, Callaghan WM, et al. What obstetrician-gynecologists should know about Ebola: a perspective from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124:1005-1010.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25203368?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. Ebola: caring for pregnant and postpartum women and newborns in the United States: AWHONN practice brief number 3. J Obstet Gynecol Neonat Nurs. 2015;44:164-165.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1552-6909.12518/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25421426?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Kitching A, Walsh A, Morgan D. Ebola in pregnancy: risk and clinical outcomes. BJOG. 2015;122:287.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25585496?tool=bestpractice.com 2014 年埃博拉疫情暴发期间的经验表明,偶尔可以获得良好的结局。[145]Baggi FM, Taybi A, Kurth A, et al. Management of pregnant women infected with Ebola virus in a treatment centre in Guinea, June 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19:20983.http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20983http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25523968?tool=bestpractice.com
羊水已被证实包含埃博拉病毒,即使在血液中都检测不到埃博拉病毒。因此,分娩建议包括避免引产,尤其是胎膜破裂时。[145]Baggi FM, Taybi A, Kurth A, et al. Management of pregnant women infected with Ebola virus in a treatment centre in Guinea, June 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19:20983.http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20983http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25523968?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗妊娠女性的医务工作者使用个人防护设备的建议与治疗非妊娠成人的医务工作者完全相同。无可用数据建议采用某种分娩方式,而不采用另一种其他分娩方式。建议感染或疑似感染的女性不宜母乳喂养,除非聚合酶链反应检测已证实母乳埃博拉病毒阴性。WHO、CDC 和英国公共卫生部门已经制定了具体的妊娠女性和新生儿照护指南。
World Health Organization (WHO): Ebola virus disease in pregnancy: screening and management of Ebola cases, contacts and survivors
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): guidance for screening and caring for pregnant women with Ebola virus disease for healthcare providers in US hospitals
Public Health England (PHE): Ebola in pregnancy - information for healthcare workers
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): care of a neonate born to a mother who is confirmed to have Ebola, is a person under investigation, or has been exposed to Ebola
与家人的联络
患者在医院被隔离可对其心理健康产生影响,包括抑郁、焦虑、愤怒、恐惧和孤独感的增加。医务工作者应协助患者与家人和朋友的联络(例如,利用移动电话或网络),以期在不增加感染风险的前提下降低患者的心理困扰。[124]Lamontagne F, Fowler RA, Adhikari NK, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for supportive care of patients with Ebola virus disease. Lancet. 2018 Feb 17;391(10121):700-708.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31795-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29054555?tool=bestpractice.com