试验性治疗
埃博拉病毒感染的试验治疗正在开发中;然而,尚未对它们进行全面的安全性或有效性检验。[147]Bishop BM. Potential and emerging treatment options for Ebola virus disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49:196-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414384?tool=bestpractice.com[148]Kouznetsova J, Sun W, Martínez-Romero C, et al. Identification of 53 compounds that block Ebola virus-like particle entry via a repurposing screen of approved drugs. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2014;3:e84.http://www.nature.com/emi/journal/v3/n12/full/emi201488a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26038505?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Kilgore PE, Grabenstein JD, Salim AM, et al. Treatment of Ebola virus disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2015;35:43-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25630412?tool=bestpractice.com 由于这是一个快速发展的领域,应参阅最新的世界卫生组织 (WHO) 指导。World Health Organization (WHO): Ebola R&D landscape of clinical candidates and trials 美国食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 正在努力帮助加快医疗产品的开发和供应。US Food and Drug Administration: Ebola response updates from FDA
rVSV-ZEBOV 疫苗
rVSV-ZEBOV(也称为 rVSV-ZEBOV-GP 或 V920)是一种减毒的、其中 1 个基因被埃博拉病毒基因取代的水疱性口炎活病毒。尽管关节痛似乎是一个常见的自限性不良反应,但是 I 期试验已经确认了这种疫苗的安全性。[150]Agnandji ST, Huttner A, Zinser ME, et al. Phase 1 trials of rVSV Ebola vaccine in Africa and Europe - preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1647-1660.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1502924#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25830326?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Huttner A, Dayer JA, Yerly S, et al. The effect of dose on the safety and immunogenicity of the VSV Ebola candidate vaccine: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:1156-1166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248510?tool=bestpractice.com[152]Regules JA, Beigel JH, Paolino KM, et al; rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Study Group. A recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus Ebola vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:330-341.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414216#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25830322?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Elsherif MS, Brown C, MacKinnon-Cameron D, et al; Canadian Immunization Research Network. Assessing the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus Ebola vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized clinical trial. CMAJ. 2017;189:E819-E827.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/189/24/E819.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28630358?tool=bestpractice.com STRIVE(引入埃博拉病毒疫苗的塞拉利昂试验)试验联合了 II 期和 III 期临床试验,旨在评估 rVSV-ZEBOV 的安全性和有效性,在该试验的 7998 位接种了疫苗的患者中,并未报道有埃博拉病例出现。[154]Conteh MA, Goldstein ST, Wurie HR, et al. Clinical surveillance and evaluation of suspected Ebola cases in a vaccine trial during an Ebola epidemic: the Sierra Leone trial to introduce a vaccine against Ebola. J Infect Dis. 2018 May 18;217(suppl_1):S33-S39.https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/217/suppl_1/S33/4999147http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29788347?tool=bestpractice.com 在几内亚进行了一项非盲、群集随机的包围接种试验,在该实验中,对于与疑似埃博拉病例接触的人群,通过肌内注射单剂量的 rVSV-ZEBOV 进行免疫接种。治疗组的患者立即接种疫苗,而对照组的疫苗接种延迟了 21 天。该研究发现 rVSV-ZEBOV 具有较高的保护效力。在立即治疗组,接种疫苗的患者在随机分组后 10 天或更多天均未出现埃博拉病毒感染;然而,对照组未接种疫苗的患者中出现了病例。[155]Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!). Lancet. 2017;389:505-518.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32621-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28017403?tool=bestpractice.com 该疫苗被欧洲药品管理局 (European Medicines Agency) 授予优先药物 (PRIME) 资格,并且被 FDA 认定为突破性疗法 (Breakthrough Therapy Designation)。rVSV-ZEBOV 曾被用于 2018 年刚果民主共和国的疫情暴发中。[156]World Health Organization. Frequently asked questions on compassionate use of investigational vaccine for the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo. May 2018 [internet publication].http://www.who.int/ebola/drc-2018/faq-vaccine/en/[157]World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo: update on ring vaccination. May 2018 [internet publication].http://www.who.int/csr/don/21-may-2018-ebola-drc/en/
法匹拉韦
法匹拉韦(以前称为 T-705)是一种实验性抗病毒药物,可以选择性地抑制病毒 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶。它可以有效对抗流感病毒、西尼罗河病毒、黄热病病毒、口蹄疫病毒以及其他黄病毒、沙粒病毒、布尼亚病毒和甲病毒。该药物目前已被日本批准用于治疗流感大流行,但是已在大鼠模型中被发现可以有效对抗埃博拉病毒。[158]Furuta Y, Takahashi K, Shiraki K, et al. T-705 (favipiravir) and related compounds: novel broad-spectrum inhibitors of RNA viral infections. Antiviral Res. 2009;82:95-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19428599?tool=bestpractice.com 在几内亚进行的人体 Ⅱ 期试验使用的剂量高于流感治疗所用的剂量。JIKI 试验是 2014-2015 年间在几内亚进行的多中心非随机试验,结果表明在资源不足情况下使用较高剂量具有良好的耐受性,并且对低病毒载量患者有潜在益处。[159]Sissoko D, Laouenan C, Folkesson E, et al. Experimental treatment with favipiravir for Ebola virus disease (the JIKI trial): a historically controlled, single-arm proof-of-concept trial in Guinea. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1001967.http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001967http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26930627?tool=bestpractice.com 法匹拉韦曾被用于 2018 年刚果民主共和国的疫情暴发中。
Remdesivir (GS-5734)
腺嘌呤核苷酸类似物的一种前体药物,在灵长类动物细胞感染模型中对各种丝状病毒具有强效活性。初始研究已经证明,其作为非人灵长类动物埃博拉病毒感染的一种治疗具有极好的有效性。[160]Warren T, Jordan R, Lo M, et al. Nucleotide prodrug GS-5734 is a broad-spectrum Filovirus inhibitor that provides complete therapeutic protection against the development of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in infected non-human primates. Late breaker abstract 2. Presented at IDWeek. San Diego, 2015. https://idsa.confex.com/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).https://idsa.confex.com/idsa/2015/webprogram/Paper54208.html 在英国曾被用于一例伴脑膜脑炎的晚期埃博拉病毒复发病例中。通过联合给予大剂量皮质类固醇治疗该患者,其在 14 天的疗程后恢复。这似乎是一种颇有前景的药物,值得进一步研究。雷米迪维 (remdesivir) 曾被用于 2018 年刚果民主共和国的疫情暴发中。
ZMapp
专门针对 3 个埃博拉病毒糖蛋白表位的 3 个人源化单克隆抗体的实验性组合,专为在烟草植物内表达而设计。[147]Bishop BM. Potential and emerging treatment options for Ebola virus disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49:196-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414384?tool=bestpractice.com[161]Goodman JL. Studying "secret serums": toward safe, effective Ebola treatments. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1086-1089.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1409817http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25140857?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Zhang Y, Li D, Jin X, et al. Fighting Ebola with ZMapp: spotlight on plant-made antibody. Sci China Life Sci. 2014;57:987-988.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25218825?tool=bestpractice.com 非人灵长类动物试验已经表明,如果在感染后的 24-48 小时服用,ZMapp 可以提供保护。另一项试验表明,在感染后最长达 5 天内开始药物治疗,该药物能够挽救非人灵长类动物。[163]Qiu X, Wong G, Audet J, et al. Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp. Nature. 2014;514:47-53.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4214273/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25171469?tool=bestpractice.com 在利比里亚、塞拉利昂、几内亚和美国的 72 例患者中进行的一项随机对照临床试验显示,尽管与单独采用当前的标准治疗相比,使用 ZMapp 加上当前的标准治疗似乎是有益的,但结果不符合效力的预指定统计学阈值,而且需要进一步研究。[164]Davey RT Jr, Dodd L, Proschan MA, et al; PREVAIL II Writing Group; Multi-National PREVAIL II Study Team. A randomized, controlled trial of ZMapp for Ebola virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1448-1456.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1604330#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27732819?tool=bestpractice.com 该试验没有发现任何重大的安全性问题,仅发现一种严重的不良反应(高血压),并且该反应与输注本身有关。ZMapp 曾被用于 2018 年刚果民主共和国的疫情暴发中。REGN3470-3471-3479 是针对埃博拉病毒糖蛋白不同表位的三种单克隆抗体的另一种组合,也已被批准用于最近期的疫情暴发中。
mAb114
一种针对扎伊尔型埃博拉病毒糖蛋白的人 IgG1 单克隆抗体。该抗体从 1995 年基奎特(刚果民主共和国)疫情暴发的一名人类幸存者身上分离而来,由美国国立卫生研究院研发,目前正在进行首次人体 I 期临床试验,以研究其安全性和耐受性。[165]ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and pharmacokinetics of a human monoclonal antibody, VRC-EBOMAB092-00-AB (MAb114), administered intravenously to healthy adults. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03478891. July 2018 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03478891 该药物为单剂量给药;但是,目前尚无人体疗效数据。在同情用药的基础上,mAb114 曾被用于 2018 年刚果民主共和国的疫情暴发中。
其他疫苗
其中一种候选疫苗采用一种加强免疫策略来增强免疫原性,并使用 2 个不同的病毒载体(Ad26-EBOV 和 MVA-EBOV)以不同剂量给药,已在英国进行Ⅰ期临床试验。[166]Woodland DL. Jump-starting the immune system: prime-boosting comes of age. Trends Immunol. 2004;25:98-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15102369?tool=bestpractice.com[167]Winslow RL, Milligan ID, Voysey M, et al. Immune responses to novel adenovirus type 26 and modified vaccinia virus ankara-vectored Ebola vaccines at 1 year. JAMA. 2017;317:1075-1077.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291882?tool=bestpractice.com ChAd3-ZEBOV 是一种插入埃博拉病毒基因的源自黑猩猩的腺病毒载体。一项随机、安慰剂对照的 II 期临床试验中,对患者分别接种 ChAd3-ZEBOV 或 rVSV-ZEBOV 活疫苗、或者安慰剂,1 个月后,在 71% 至 84% 接种活疫苗的患者中观察到了抗体应答,而仅在 3% 应用安慰剂的患者中观察到抗体应答。抗体应答在 12 个月后仍旧大范围存在。[168]Kennedy SB, Bolay F, Kieh M, et al. Phase 2 placebo-controlled trial of two vaccines to prevent Ebola in Liberia. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 12;377(15):1438-1447.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705229/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29020589?tool=bestpractice.com
TKM-100802 (siRNA)
也被称为 TKM-Ebola。包括一组专门针对埃博拉病毒 RNA 聚合酶-L 的小干扰 RNA,使用脂质纳米颗粒技术制备。非人灵长类动物试验已证实其可以提供保护,在豚鼠和猴子中,其可以有效对抗马尔堡病毒。[161]Goodman JL. Studying "secret serums": toward safe, effective Ebola treatments. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1086-1089.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1409817http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25140857?tool=bestpractice.com[169]Thi EP, Mire CE, Ursic-Bedoya R, et al. Marburg virus infection in nonhuman primates: therapeutic treatment by lipid-encapsulated siRNA. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:250ra116.http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/6/250/250ra116.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143366?tool=bestpractice.com[170]Geisbert TW, Lee AC, Robbins M, et al. Postexposure protection of non-human primates against a lethal Ebola virus challenge with RNA interference: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet. 2010;375:1896-1905.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)60357-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20511019?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Choi JH, Croyle MA. Emerging targets and novel approaches to Ebola virus prophylaxis and treatment. BioDrugs. 2013;27:565-583.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23813435?tool=bestpractice.com 美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 已在研究用新药申请 (IND) 程序中批准了该药扩大使用范围。已根据急症治疗方案将此药用于少量患者。[136]World Health Organization. Interim guidance: potential Ebola therapies and vaccines. November 2014. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137590/1/WHO_EVD_HIS_EMP_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1[147]Bishop BM. Potential and emerging treatment options for Ebola virus disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49:196-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414384?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,2015 年 3 月在塞拉利昂开始的一项 II 期单组临床试验在招募了 19 名患者后,由于缺乏临床疗效,于 2015 年 6 月终止。[172]Dunning J, Sahr F, Rojek A, et al. Experimental treatment of Ebola virus disease with TKM-130803: a single-arm phase 2 clinical trial. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1001997.http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001997http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27093560?tool=bestpractice.com
ZMab
加拿大国家微生物学实验室(位于加拿大温尼伯市)通过加拿大公共卫生局 (Public Health Agency of Canada) 开发的实验性产品,由针对埃博拉病毒包膜糖蛋白的 3 种单克隆抗体组成。该产品未按照优质生产规范 (good manufacturing practice, GMP) 标准生产,出于同情已被用于某些患者。有报道称,使用单克隆抗体制剂治疗后死亡时间延迟的灵长类动物,快速出现耐药性埃博拉病毒突变株,这引起人们的担忧,从而强调了对用此类产品治疗的患者进行仔细监测的重要性。[173]Kugelman JR, Kugelman-Tonos J, Ladner JT, et al. Emergence of Ebola virus escape variants in infected nonhuman primates treated with the MB-003 antibody cocktail. Cell Rep. 2015;12:2111-2120.http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(15)00923-7http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26365189?tool=bestpractice.com
MIL-77
包含 3 种单克隆抗体,在中国通过中国哺乳动物仓鼠卵巢 (Chinese hamster ovary, CHO) 细胞系培养制备获得。该实验性制剂已在同情的基础上用于两名英国患者,两人皆得以存活。[174]World Health Organization. Ebola vaccines, therapies, and diagnostics. October 2015. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://www.who.int/medicines/emp_ebola_q_as/en/
BCX-4430
一种试验性腺苷类似物,啮齿动物试验表明其可以有效对抗埃博拉病毒。其作用机制被认为是因为对病毒 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶的抑制。它可以有效对抗黄病毒、布尼亚病毒、沙粒病毒和副黏病毒。非人灵长类动物和啮齿动物试验表明,即使在感染的 48 小时后使用,该药物依然可以提供保护。[175]Warren TK, Wells J, Panchal RG, et al. Protection against filovirus diseases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside analogue BCX4430. Nature. 2014;508:402-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24590073?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 Ⅰ 期安全性试验正在进行中。
FX06
德国一名严重不适的患者已被成功给予 3 剂 FX06(一种纤维蛋白衍生肽)、肾脏替代治疗和优质重症监护。[113]Wolf T, Kann G, Becker S, et al. Severe Ebola virus disease with vascular leakage and multiorgan failure: treatment of a patient in intensive care. Lancet. 2015;385:1428-1435.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2962384-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25534190?tool=bestpractice.com 此药当前正在动物模型中对其作为脓毒症伴血管渗漏综合征的潜在辅助治疗药物,进行评估。此外,还在人类模型中对其作为心脏血管重建术后(无重大不良反应)预防再灌注损伤的潜在治疗药物,进行了评估。[176]Hallen J, Petzelbauer P, Schwitter J, et al. Impact of time to therapy and presence of collaterals on the efficacy of FX06 in acute ST elevation myocardial infarction: a substudy of the F.I.R.E., the Efficacy of FX06 in the prevention of myocardial reperfusion injury trial. EuroIntervention. 2010;5:946-952.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542780?tool=bestpractice.com[177]Gröger M, Pasteiner W, Ignatyev G, et al. Peptide Bbeta(15-42) preserves endothelial barrier function in shock. PloS One. 2009;4:e5391.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005391http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19401765?tool=bestpractice.com 此药已根据同情使用原则给予两名患者服用;然而,目前尚无法得出任何结论。
AVI-7537
一种包含抗转录磷酰二胺吗啉代寡聚体(PMO,专门针对埃博拉病毒 VP24 基因)的药物。已被证实其可以使受感染的非人灵长类动物存活。[178]Iversen PL, Warren TK, Wells JB, et al. Discovery and early development of AVI-7537 and AVI-7288 for the treatment of Ebola virus and Marburg virus infections. Viruses. 2012;4:2806-2830.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/11/2806/htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23202506?tool=bestpractice.com AVI-6002 是一种试验性药物,包含 2 种 PMO(AV-7537 和 AV-7539,均针对 VP35 基因)。已经进行了针对 AV-6002 的 I 期临床研究。[136]World Health Organization. Interim guidance: potential Ebola therapies and vaccines. November 2014. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137590/1/WHO_EVD_HIS_EMP_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1[147]Bishop BM. Potential and emerging treatment options for Ebola virus disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49:196-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414384?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Heald AE, Iversen PL, Saoud JB, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers with activity against ebola virus and marburg virus: results of two single-ascending-dose studies. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 2014;58:6639-6647.http://aac.asm.org/content/58/11/6639.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25155593?tool=bestpractice.com
干扰素
干扰素早在以往就已使用过,但是其疗效未经证实。[136]World Health Organization. Interim guidance: potential Ebola therapies and vaccines. November 2014. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137590/1/WHO_EVD_HIS_EMP_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1 目前正在进行一项 Ⅱ 期研究,到目前为止招募的患者数量有限。
布林西多福韦
以前被称为 CMX-001,布林西多福韦是一种试验性抗病毒药物,目前正在进行关于使用该药治疗巨细胞病毒和腺病毒感染的 III 期临床试验。它还显示有体外对抗埃博拉病毒的活性。[136]World Health Organization. Interim guidance: potential Ebola therapies and vaccines. November 2014. http://apps.who.int/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137590/1/WHO_EVD_HIS_EMP_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1[147]Bishop BM. Potential and emerging treatment options for Ebola virus disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49:196-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414384?tool=bestpractice.com[180]Gulland A. Clinical trials of Ebola therapies to begin in December. BMJ. 2014;349:g6827.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25398534?tool=bestpractice.com 制造商宣布,由于利比里亚的新感染病例下降,且该药物未被优先考虑用于治疗埃博拉病毒,将不再参与使用该药物治疗埃博拉病毒的临床试验。[181]BioSpace. Chimerix, Inc. (CMRX) abandons testing of experimental Ebola drug in Liberia. February 2015. http://www.biospace.com/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://www.biospace.com/News/chimerix-inc-abandons-testing-of-experimental/362911
其他药物
在诸多模型中,治疗其他疾病所使用的药物(例如氯米芬和氯喹)可以抑制埃博拉病毒与人类细胞相互作用,但是当前尚未注册进行任何临床试验。胺碘酮已被证实可以抑制丝状病毒细胞侵入,并且已在塞拉利昂的一所治疗机构内基于同情心而使用。[148]Kouznetsova J, Sun W, Martínez-Romero C, et al. Identification of 53 compounds that block Ebola virus-like particle entry via a repurposing screen of approved drugs. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2014;3:e84.http://www.nature.com/emi/journal/v3/n12/full/emi201488a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26038505?tool=bestpractice.com[182]Turone F. Doctors trial amiodarone for Ebola in Sierra Leone. BMJ. 2014;349:g7198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25429872?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Gupta-Wright A, Lavers J, Irvine S. Response to: Doctors trial amiodarone for Ebola in Sierra Leone. BMJ. 2014;349:g7198.http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7198/rapid-responses 阿托伐他汀联用厄贝沙坦(联用或不联用氯米芬)已被用于治疗塞拉利昂的一些患者;然而,尚无任何临床数据可用。目前正在研究使用适配子(体外选择的 DNA 或 RNA 分子,能够连锁大量核酸分子和非核酸分子,具有高亲和性和特异性)治疗埃博拉病毒感染的安全性和有效性。[184]Wandtke T, Woźniak J, Kopiński P. Aptamers in diagnostics and treatment of viral infections. Viruses. 2015;7:751-780.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/7/2/751/htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25690797?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,多项关于使用小分子抑制剂治疗埃博拉病毒感染的试验也正在进行中。[185]Picazo E, Giordanetto F. Small molecule inhibitors of Ebola virus infection. Drug Discov Today. 2015;20:277-286.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25532798?tool=bestpractice.com WHO 已优先考虑在非人灵长类动物中对抗疟疾药物阿莫地喹进行评估。一种专门配置的试验性 RNA 化合物 Rintatolimod 已在动物模型中被证实可有效对抗埃博拉病毒。