甲状旁腺手术是治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症 (PHPT) 的确定性方法。该手术的适应证为所有有症状的患者;对于许多无症状的患者,也推荐进行该手术。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Walker MD, Bilezikian JP. Primary hyperparathyroidism: recent advances. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2018 Jul;30(4):427-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29664757?tool=bestpractice.com 如果患者没有症状、符合药物治疗的标准、拒绝手术或者不适合做手术,则可以选择进行监测。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com
有症状;或无症状但有手术指征
共识认为症状性甲状旁腺功能亢进症需要进行甲状旁腺切除术。[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Udelsman R, Åkerström G, Biagini C, et al. The surgical management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3595-606.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162669?tool=bestpractice.com 出于评估是否要进行甲状旁腺切除术的目的,“症状性”特指已存在靶器官并发症的情况,例如严重的骨病/骨折、肾结石或者明显的神经肌肉功能障碍。其他特征(例如神经精神症状 [明显的神经肌肉功能障碍现在并不常见)、绝经、心血管疾病异常表现、胃肠道症状或者骨代谢的血清/尿液标志物等])被认为是非特异性的。[4]Bilezikian JP, Potts JT Jr, Fuleihan G el-H, et al. Summary statement from a workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a perspective for the 21st century. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;87(12):5353-61.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/87/12/5353/2823571http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12466320?tool=bestpractice.com[5]McDow AD, Sippel RS. Should symptoms be considered an indication for parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2018 Jun 27;11:1179551418785135.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6043916/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30013413?tool=bestpractice.com
在无症状的 PHPT 患者中,手术的优点是可纠正潜在的异常,并可能改善骨密度[60]Lundstam K, Heck A, Godang K, et al. Effect of surgery versus observation: skeletal 5-year outcomes in a randomized trial of patients with primary HPT (the SIPH study). J Bone Miner Res. 2017 Sep;32(9):1907-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28543873?tool=bestpractice.com 和无骨折生存期。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Zhang L, Liu X, Li H. Long-term skeletal outcomes of primary hyperparathyroidism patients after treatment with parathyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Horm Metab Res. 2018 Mar;50(3):242-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29381879?tool=bestpractice.com 被认为无症状的患者有时会报告手术后生活质量改善。[27]Sheldon DG, Lee FT, Neil NJ, Ryan JA Jr. Surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism improves health-related quality of life. Arch Surg. 2002 Sep;137(9):1022-6; discussion 1026-8.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/212886http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12215152?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Pasieka JL, Parsons LL. Prospective surgical outcome study of relief of symptoms following surgery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 1998 Jun;22(6):513-8; discussion 518-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9597921?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Pasieka JL, Parsons L, Jones J. The long-term benefit of parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism: a 10-year prospective surgical outcome study. Surgery. 2009 Dec;146(6):1006-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19958927?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Ambrogini E, Cetani F, Cianferotti L, et al. Surgery or surveillance for mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug;92(8):3114-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17535997?tool=bestpractice.com
一些权威专家或机构认为,无症状患者的手术指征包括:[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3561-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162665?tool=bestpractice.com
年龄< 50 岁
不能确保适当随访
血清钙较正常范围升高>0.25 mmol/L (>1 mg/dL)
肌酐清除率<60 mL/分
通过 X 线、计算机体层成像 (CT)、磁共振成像 (MRI) 或使用双能 X 线骨密度测量仪 (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, DXA) 进行椎骨骨折评估 (vertebral fracture assessment, VFA) 得到的腰椎、全髋、股骨颈或桡骨远端三分之一和/或椎骨骨折部位的骨密度 (bone mineral density, BMD) T 值<-2.5(T 值是将 BMD 与 30-40 岁健康成人的最佳骨密度比较得出的值,随后用于评估骨折风险)
24 小时尿钙>400 mg/日,结石风险生化分析显示结石风险增高
根据 X 线、超声或 CT 检查结果存在肾结石或肾钙质沉着症
术前准备包括充分补液和术前定位检查。不建议饮食限制钙,推荐缺乏维生素 D 的患者在术前进行补充。术前还推荐对声音质量进行主观评估。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com
甲状旁腺切除术通常可在门诊进行,并在手术当日即可出院。通常并发症发生率和死亡率 ≤1%。[63]Udelsman R, Donovan PI. Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery. World J Surg. 2004 Dec;28(12):1224-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15517494?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Singh Ospina NM, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Maraka S, et al. Outcomes of parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2016 Oct;40(10):2359-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094563?tool=bestpractice.com 潜在的重要并发症包括出血、血肿、喉返神经损伤导致的声嘶、喉上神经损伤导致的声音改变、气胸或低钙血症(暂时性或永久)。
如果通过影像学检查能够确定单个腺瘤的位置(发生于大约 85% 的 PHPT 患者),那么就可以进行聚焦或微创定向甲状旁腺切除术。[65]Gracie D, Hussain SS. Use of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy techniques in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2012 Mar;126(3):221-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22032618?tool=bestpractice.com 对于多腺体病变患者(散发性的或者家族性的),应行全面颈部探查以探明所有 4 个腺体的情况,并且进行次全切。[66]Yen TW, Wang TS. Subtotal parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2011 Mar-Apr;17(suppl 1):7-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134873?tool=bestpractice.com 罕见情况下,甲状旁腺功能亢进症可引起严重的高血钙症 (>3.5 mmol/L [>14 mg/dL]);例如,在甲状旁腺癌患者中。术前需要对这类患者的严重高血钙症进行处理,如静脉输液和使用呋塞米。
如果患者拒绝手术或者不适合手术,应该每 12 个月检测血清钙和肌酐水平,每 1-2 年检测骨密度。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3561-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162665?tool=bestpractice.com 维生素 D 缺乏的患者应补充维生素 D。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com 患者应避免使用升高血钙的药物(如噻嗪利尿剂、锂)。[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com 如果出现精神状态改变或者困倦等症状,如果可能,应住院进行静脉补液并行甲状旁腺切除术。如果患者同意并适合手术,在任何时候均可进行甲状旁腺切除术。
对于没有进行甲状旁腺切除术的患者,除监测外,还可以使用双膦酸盐或者西那卡塞作为辅助治疗。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com
双膦酸盐可能在 1 到 2 年提高腰椎的 BMD,减少骨转换,尽管目前尚无骨折结局的数据。[67]Khan AA, Bilezikian JP, Kung AW, et al. Alendronate in primary hyperparathyroidism: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jul;89(7):3319-25.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2003-030908http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240609?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Leere JS, Karmisholt J, Robaczyk M, et al. Contemporary medical management of primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Apr 20;8:79.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2017.00079/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28473803?tool=bestpractice.com 如果存在骨质疏松症,可考虑双膦酸盐治疗。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com
有研究显示,西那卡塞可以降低血钙和血清全段甲状旁腺激素 (parathyroid hormone, PTH)。[68]Leere JS, Karmisholt J, Robaczyk M, et al. Contemporary medical management of primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Apr 20;8:79.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2017.00079/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28473803?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Peacock M, Bilezikian JP, Klassen PS, et al. Cinacalcet hydrochloride maintains long-term normocalcemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):135-41.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2004-0842http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15522938?tool=bestpractice.com 西那卡塞是一种拟钙剂,可以调节钙敏受体(血清全段 PTH 分泌的主要调节体)的活性。西那卡塞与受体的跨膜区结合,引起构象改变,进而提高了受体对钙的敏感度。最常见的不良反应是恶心和呕吐,导致耐受性变差,须严密监测。引发的容量不足会使高钙血症恶化。之前用于难治性继发性甲旁亢和无法手术的甲状旁腺癌患者,现在也可用于特定的原发性甲旁亢患者,例如,有症状但不适合手术或拒绝手术的患者。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com
手术方法
一旦确诊并计划进行手术,术前影像学检查对于病灶的精确定位非常重要。有数种检查方法,但没有一种是唯一首选。鉴于影像学检查的精确度存在显著的区域性差异,应将甲状旁腺切除术的候选患者转诊至临床专家,以根据其对当地影像学检查可用性的了解来决定最佳影像学检查方法。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com
许多机构使用 Tc-99m 甲氧基异丁基异腈进行核素扫描,通常还会同时使用超声检查。[39]Greenspan BS, Dillehay G, Intenzo C, et al. SNM practice guideline for parathyroid scintigraphy 4.0. J Nucl Med Technol. 2012 Jun;40(2):111-8.http://tech.snmjournals.org/content/40/2/111.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22454482?tool=bestpractice.com 使用单光子发射 CT 结合甲氧基异丁基异腈核素扫描,可以提高影像学检查的效果,敏感性可达 88%,[40]Treglia G, Sadeghi R, Schalin-Jäntti C, et al. Detection rate of (99m) Tc-MIBI single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT in preoperative planning for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: A meta-analysis. Head Neck. 2016 Apr;38(suppl 1):E2159-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25757222?tool=bestpractice.com 特异性可达 98.8%。[20]Taniegra ED. Hyperparathyroidism. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Jan 15;69(2):333-9.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0115/p333.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14765772?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Lavely WC, Goetze S, Friedman KP, et al. Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase 99mTc-Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2007 Jul;48(7):1084-9. [Erratum in: J Nucl Med. 2007 Sep;48(9):1430.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574983?tool=bestpractice.com甲状旁腺腺瘤定位:中等质量的证据显示早期 SPECT/CT 结合任何延迟显像方法明显优于任何单相或者双相平面或者 SPECT 检查。通过双相采集方法进行定位较平面显像、SPECT 以及 SPECT/CT 等单相 (99m) Tc-甲氧基异丁基异腈闪烁显像的方法更准确。[41]Lavely WC, Goetze S, Friedman KP, et al. Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase 99mTc-Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2007 Jul;48(7):1084-9. [Erratum in: J Nucl Med. 2007 Sep;48(9):1430.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574983?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 四维 CT 已经成为一种有用的影像学检查工具,现在是北美一些中心的首选初始影像学检查(优先于超声和甲氧基异丁基异腈扫描)。与断层扫描甲状旁腺显像相比,四维 CT 似乎具有至少相似的诊断性能,但辐射剂量较高。[38]Treglia G, Trimboli P, Huellner M, et al. Imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism: focus on the evidence-based diagnostic performance of different methods. Minerva Endocrinol. 2018 Jun;43(2):133-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650133?tool=bestpractice.com MRI 也是一种选择,但该检查方法除了在某些特定情况下(例如妊娠)外,应用较少。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com 择期甲状旁腺静脉取样虽然为有创检查,无法进行常规应用,但是对于术前无创影像学结果不确定的患者,这是一项有用的方法。[70]Ibraheem K, Toraih EA, Haddad AB, et al. Selective parathyroid venous sampling in primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2018 May 14 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29756350?tool=bestpractice.com 多种检查相结合比仅使用单一检查更为有效。
对于每年所完成的甲状旁腺切除术次数少于 10 次的外科医生,其成功率低于经验更丰富的外科医生;手术量与并发症风险和住院时间之间呈负相关。因此,推荐甲状旁腺切除术仅由在 PHPT 治疗方面接受过足够培训和具备足够经验的外科医生进行。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com
如果检查能够确定单个腺瘤的位置(发生于大约 85% 的 PHPT 患者中),[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com 患者可进行聚焦或微创定向甲状旁腺切除术。[65]Gracie D, Hussain SS. Use of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy techniques in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2012 Mar;126(3):221-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22032618?tool=bestpractice.com 与 4 腺体(双侧)探查术相比,微创方法似乎具有近似的复发率、持续性和再手术率,但整体并发症发生率较低,且某种程度上来说,手术时间较短。微创手术的并发症发生率较低主要与术后短暂性低钙血症的风险降低有关,[71]Jinih M, O'Connell E, O'Leary DP, et al. Focused versus bilateral parathyroid exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017 Jul;24(7):1924-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27896505?tool=bestpractice.com 也与喉返神经损伤风险较低有关。[64]Singh Ospina NM, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Maraka S, et al. Outcomes of parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2016 Oct;40(10):2359-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094563?tool=bestpractice.com 微创手术可以在全身或者局部麻醉下进行,已有多种技术,包括视频辅助、内窥镜、超声探测引导或者聚焦外侧入路。
术中血清全段 PTH 可以为术者提供确定功能亢进的组织已经被切除的信息。[72]Harrison BJ, Triponez F. adjuncts in surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009 Sep;394(5):799-809. 在切除后 5~10 分钟时,PTH 水平较基线下降 > 50%,说明功能亢进的组织已经被完全切除。[73]Sokoll LJ, Wians FH Jr, Remaley AT. Rapid intraoperative immunoassay of parathyroid hormone and other hormones: a new paradigm for point-of-care testing. Clin Chem. 2004 Jul;50(7):1126-35.http://www.clinchem.org/content/50/7/1126.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15117855?tool=bestpractice.com 术中甲状旁腺素监测可降低微创甲状旁腺切除术中漏诊多腺体病的风险。据报告,微创甲状旁腺切除术的治愈率为 97% 至 99%,[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com 而操作经验丰富可使治愈率略有增加。
术中辅助手段与术前定位互补,有助于甲状旁腺的定位以及确认甲状旁腺组织并确定缓解情况。最广泛使用的外科手术辅助手段是术中甲状旁腺激素监测 (intra-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring, IPM)。其他辅助手段可有助于确认切除的甲状旁腺组织(冰冻切片分析、离体甲状旁腺抽吸)、腺体可视化(亚甲蓝、近红外荧光或红外光谱)和定位腺体(术中超声检查、双侧颈静脉取样或 γ-探针引导)。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com
对于多腺体病变患者(散发性或者家族性),应行全面双侧颈部探查以探明所有 4 个腺体的情况,并且进行次全切。[66]Yen TW, Wang TS. Subtotal parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2011 Mar-Apr;17(suppl 1):7-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134873?tool=bestpractice.com 当术前影像学检查不能定位或结果不一致、[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com 或无法进行术中甲状旁腺激素监测时,这也是推荐的方法。从微创入路改为全面颈部探查的指征包括:术中发现多腺体病,以及未能充分降低术中甲状旁腺激素水平。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com 当由娴熟的内分泌外科医生实施时,全面颈部探查的长期成功率超过 95%。[74]Allendorf J, DiGorgi M, Spanknebel K, et al. 1112 consecutive bilateral neck explorations for primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2007 Nov;31(11):2075-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17768656?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Abdulla AG, Ituarte PH, Harari A, et al. Trends in the frequency and quality of parathyroid surgery: analysis of 17,082 cases over 10 years. Ann Surg. 2015 Apr;261(4):746-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24950283?tool=bestpractice.com
如果在手术过程中怀疑有甲状旁腺癌,推荐完全切除并应避免包膜破裂,可提高治愈几率。这可能需要整块切除,包括临近粘附组织。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com
无症状也无手术指征
一些权威专家或机构认为,无症状患者的手术指征包括:[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3561-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162665?tool=bestpractice.com
年龄< 50 岁
不能确保适当随访
血清钙较正常范围升高>0.25 mmol/L (>1 mg/dL)
肌酐清除率下降到<60 mL/分
通过 X 线检查、CT、MRI 或 VFA 得到的腰椎、全髋、股骨颈或桡骨远端三分之一和/或椎骨骨折的 BMD T 值<-2.5
24 小时尿钙>400 mg/日,结石风险生化分析显示结石风险增高
根据 X 线、超声或 CT 检查结果存在肾结石或肾钙质沉着症
没有上述指征的患者可以进行监测,但也有一些流行病学证据提示即使是轻度/无症状的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症也可能有多种不良结局,包括总体死亡率和心血管疾病,[76]Yu N, Donnan PT, Leese GP. A record linkage study of outcomes in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism: the Parathyroid Epidemiology and Audit Research Study (PEARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011 Aug;75(2):169-76.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03958.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21158894?tool=bestpractice.com 这反过来可能与基线时甲状旁腺素浓度较高有关联。[77]Yu N, Leese GP, Donnan PT. What predicts adverse outcomes in untreated primary hyperparathyroidism? The Parathyroid Epidemiology and Audit Research Study (PEARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Jul;79(1):27-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506565?tool=bestpractice.com
对于接受监测的患者,应每 12 个月检测血清钙和肌酐水平,每 1-2 年检测骨密度。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3561-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162665?tool=bestpractice.com 维生素 D 缺乏的患者应补充维生素 D。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com 患者应避免使用升高血钙的药物(如噻嗪利尿剂、锂)。[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com 如果有症状或手术适应证,或者患者更愿意手术而且适合手术,在任何时间均可进行甲状旁腺切除术。
合并维生素 D 缺乏的患者补充维生素 D
对于 PHPT 和并发维生素 D 缺乏的患者,许多实践指南推荐补充维生素 D。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016 Oct 1;151(10):959-68.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Marcocci C, Bollerslev J, Khan AA, et al. Medical management of primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the fourth International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3607-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162668?tool=bestpractice.com 维生素 D 缺乏的定义各不相同。第四届无症状的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症国际研讨会 (The Fourth International Workshop on Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism) 推荐在维生素 D 水平 ≤50 nmol/L (≤20 ng/mL) 时进行补充。[79]Marcocci C, Bollerslev J, Khan AA, et al. Medical management of primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the fourth International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3607-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162668?tool=bestpractice.com 维生素 D 水平低似乎可导致 PHPT 患者骨病更严重,[80]Stein EM, Dempster DW, Udesky J, et al. Vitamin D deficiency influences histomorphometric features of bone in primary hyperparathyroidism. Bone. 2011 Mar 1;48(3):557-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950725?tool=bestpractice.com并且甲状旁腺切除术后患骨饥饿综合征的风险更高。
补充维生素 D 可能会改善 PHPT 患者的骨密度,[81]Kantorovich V, Gacad MA, Seeger LL, et al. Bone mineral density increases with vitamin D repletion in patients with coexistent vitamin D insufficiency and primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Oct;85(10):3541-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11061498?tool=bestpractice.com 但证据并不确凿。[82]Bollerslev J, Marcocci C, Sosa M, et al. Current evidence for recommendation of surgery, medical treatment and vitamin D repletion in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Dec;165(6):851-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964961?tool=bestpractice.com 值得担忧的是,补充维生素 D 可能会加重 PHPT 患者的高钙血症和肾钙排泄。
一项关于轻度 PHPT 患者补充维生素 D 的系统评价和 meta 分析发现,补充剂可改善血清 25-羟基维生素 D 水平,而不会加重先前存在的高钙血症或高钙尿症。[83]Loh HH, Lim LL, Yee A, et al. Effect of vitamin D replacement in primary hyperparathyroidism with concurrent vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Endocrinol. 2017 Mar 14 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28294593?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,一项针对 21 名接受维生素 D 治疗的轻度 PHPT 患者的观察性研究发现,虽然治疗未导致治疗组血清钙浓度平均升高,但两名患者的尿钙排泄量增加至 > 400 mg/24小时。这表明一些 PHPT 患者在补充维生素 D 后可能出现尿钙排泄增加。在一名患者中,血清钙从 2.6 mmol/L 增加至 3.0 mmol/L(10.5 mg/dL 至 11.9 mg/dL)。[84]Grey A, Lucas J, Horne A, et al. Vitamin D repletion in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and coexistent vitamin D insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Apr;90(4):2122-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15644400?tool=bestpractice.com
总的来说,作者推荐在缺乏维生素 D 的情况下进行补充。然而,在尿钙水平升高的患者中,由于存在肾结石形成的风险,推荐谨慎监测尿钙排泄,对于更短时间内无甲状旁腺切除术计划的患者,尤其如此。尚无基于临床试验数据的特定治疗方案。