在外科干预后,临床医生应监测是否出现颈部血肿,观察创伤愈合情况,检查患者的声音质量,如有必要进行实验室评估。手术后管理包括判断手术是否成功和监测是否出现并发症。
一些指南推荐考虑在甲状旁腺切除术后用补充钙和/或维生素 D 的方法短期预防低钙血症,但相关支持证据较弱。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com 在手术后 24 至 36 小时,血清钙水平应一直较低。在发生低钙血症的患者中,症状最常发生在术后第 2 天或第 3 天;术前第 1 天时,只有钙水平极度升高的患者才在术前偶尔出现症状。患者在手术当天几乎从来不会出现症状。[96]Vasher M, Goodman A, Politz D, et al. Postoperative calcium requirements in 6,000 patients undergoing outpatient parathyroidectomy: easily avoiding symptomatic hypocalcemia. J Am Coll Surg. 2010 Jul;211(1):49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20610248?tool=bestpractice.com 血清全段甲状旁腺激素 (parathyroid hormone, PTH) 水平应该在 30 小时内恢复正常,但甲状旁腺的分泌反应性可能在数周内都不能完全恢复正常。对癫痫发作的标准监测应持续进行。
门诊管理适合某些患者。对于接受再次手术、大面积手术或甲状旁腺次全切除术的患者以及严重维生素 D 缺乏的患者,更有可能需要留观一夜。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com
甲状旁腺切除术后,建议监测血清钙水平持续 6 个月,可在门诊进行监测。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com 这是必要的,尤其是巨大腺瘤被摘除后。如果在术后钙和血清 PTH 水平升高,则可能存在其他腺瘤或者腺瘤切除不完全。恶性肿瘤或者误诊亦有可能。原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症治愈的定义为重建正常钙稳态。在一个亚组患者中,尽管血清钙正常,血清 PTH 仍将保持升高;需要仔细调查并恰当处理继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的病因。[103]de la Plaza Llamas R, Ramia Ángel JM, Arteaga Peralta V, et al. Elevated parathyroid hormone levels after successful parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism: a clinical review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018 Mar;275(3):659-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29209851?tool=bestpractice.com
长期而言,推荐每年进行一次血钙检查。大约 8% 的散发性甲状旁腺腺瘤患者将继续进展为复发性原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com 复发性原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的定义为:甲状旁腺切除术后血钙正常超过 6 个月后高钙血症复发。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com 与单发性腺瘤或增生的患者相比,这种情况在双侧甲状腺腺瘤患者中更常见。[59]Udelsman R, Åkerström G, Biagini C, et al. The surgical management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3595-606.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162669?tool=bestpractice.com 应在专科中心对复发性原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症进行治疗,[104]Guerin C, Paladino NC, Lowery A, et al. Persistent and recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Updates Surg. 2017 Jun;69(2):161-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28434176?tool=bestpractice.com 并在必要时进行局部检查(以发现异位腺体),随后行再次手术。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com
对于接受监测且未进行甲状旁腺手术的患者,应该每 12 个月测定血清钙和肌酐水平,每 1-2 年测定骨密度。[62]Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3561-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162665?tool=bestpractice.com 患者应避免使用升高血钙的药物(如噻嗪利尿剂、锂)。[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com 维生素 D 水平应适当。[2]Khan AA, Hanley DA, Rizzoli R, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:1-19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206263/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613721?tool=bestpractice.com 如果有症状或手术适应证,或者患者更愿意手术而且适合手术,在任何时间均可进行甲状旁腺切除术。