共识认为症状性甲状旁腺功能亢进症需要进行甲状旁腺切除术。[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Udelsman R, Åkerström G, Biagini C, et al. The surgical management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3595-606.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162669?tool=bestpractice.com 出于评估是否要进行甲状旁腺切除术的目的,“症状性”特指已存在靶器官并发症的情况,例如严重的骨病/骨折、肾结石或者明显的神经肌肉功能障碍。其他特征(例如神经精神症状 [明显的神经肌肉功能障碍现在并不常见)、绝经、心血管疾病异常表现、胃肠道症状或者骨代谢的血清/尿液标志物等])被认为是非特异性的。[4]Bilezikian JP, Potts JT Jr, Fuleihan G el-H, et al. Summary statement from a workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a perspective for the 21st century. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;87(12):5353-61.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/87/12/5353/2823571http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12466320?tool=bestpractice.com[5]McDow AD, Sippel RS. Should symptoms be considered an indication for parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2018 Jun 27;11:1179551418785135.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6043916/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30013413?tool=bestpractice.com 术前准备包括充分补液和术前定位检查。不建议饮食限制钙,推荐缺乏维生素 D 的患者在术前进行补充。术前还推荐对声音质量进行主观评估。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com
无症状患者的手术适应证包括:年龄<50 岁;不能保证适当的随访;血清钙超过正常范围 >0.25 mmol/L (>1 mg/dL);计算得到的肌酐清除率<60 mL/分;通过 X 线检查、计算机断层成像 (CT)、磁共振成像 (MRI) 或双能 X 线骨密度测量仪 (DXA) 椎骨骨折评估 (VFA) 得到的腰椎、全髋、股骨颈或桡骨远端三分之一和/或椎骨骨折的骨密度 (BMD) T 值<-2.5;24 小时尿钙>400 mg/日且结石风险生化分析显示结石风险增高;根据 X 线检查、超声或 CT 发现存在肾结石或肾钙质沉着症。[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3561-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162665?tool=bestpractice.com
甲状旁腺切除术通常可在门诊进行,并在手术当日即可出院。通常并发症发生率和死亡率不超过 1%。[63]Udelsman R, Donovan PI. Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery. World J Surg. 2004 Dec;28(12):1224-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15517494?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Singh Ospina NM, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Maraka S, et al. Outcomes of parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2016 Oct;40(10):2359-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094563?tool=bestpractice.com 潜在的重要并发症包括出血、血肿、喉返神经损伤导致的声嘶、喉上神经损伤导致的声音改变、气胸或低钙血症(暂时性或永久)。
如果通过影像学检查能够确定患者单个腺瘤的位置(发生于大约 85% 的 PHPT 患者),则可进行微创、定向甲状旁腺切除术。[65]Gracie D, Hussain SS. Use of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy techniques in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2012 Mar;126(3):221-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22032618?tool=bestpractice.com 与完全双侧探查术相比,微创方法似乎具有近似的复发率、持续性和再手术率,但整体并发症发生率较低,手术时间较短。微创手术的并发症发生率较低主要与术后短暂性低钙血症的风险降低有关[71]Jinih M, O'Connell E, O'Leary DP, et al. Focused versus bilateral parathyroid exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017 Jul;24(7):1924-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27896505?tool=bestpractice.com 也与喉返神经损伤风险较低有关。[64]Singh Ospina NM, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Maraka S, et al. Outcomes of parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2016 Oct;40(10):2359-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094563?tool=bestpractice.com 微创手术可以在全身或者局部麻醉下进行,并使用多种技术,包括影像辅助、内窥镜、电波探测引导,或者聚焦外侧入路。术中血清全段 PTH 检测可以为术者提供功能亢进的组织已被切除的信息。[72]Harrison BJ, Triponez F. adjuncts in surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009 Sep;394(5):799-809. 在切除后 5~10 分钟时,PTH 水平较基线下降 > 50%,说明功能亢进的组织已经被完全切除。[73]Sokoll LJ, Wians FH Jr, Remaley AT. Rapid intraoperative immunoassay of parathyroid hormone and other hormones: a new paradigm for point-of-care testing. Clin Chem. 2004 Jul;50(7):1126-35.http://www.clinchem.org/content/50/7/1126.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15117855?tool=bestpractice.com
对于多腺体病变患者(散发性的或者家族性的),应行全面颈部探查以探明所有 4 个腺体的情况,并且进行次全切。[66]Yen TW, Wang TS. Subtotal parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2011 Mar-Apr;17(suppl 1):7-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134873?tool=bestpractice.com 当术前影像学检查不能定位或结果不一致、[22]AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):49-54.https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/hyperparathyroidps.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033736?tool=bestpractice.com 或无法进行术中甲状旁腺激素监测时,这也是推荐的方法。
罕见情况下,甲状旁腺功能亢进症可引起严重的高血钙症 (>3.5 mmol/L [>14 mg/dL]);例如,在甲状旁腺癌患者中。术前需对这类患者的严重高血钙症进行处理,例如静脉输液和使用呋塞米。
如果在手术过程中怀疑有甲状旁腺癌,推荐完全切除并应避免包膜破裂,可提高治愈几率。这可能需要整块切除,包括临近粘附组织。[1]Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016;151:959-968.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2542667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532368?tool=bestpractice.com