恢复排卵的一线和最安全的治疗方式是减轻体重(在超重或者肥胖的女性中)。减重(即使减少 5%-7%)可能会使得高达 80% 的超重或者肥胖女性恢复排卵(可能通过减少高胰岛素血症和高雄激素血症)。[63]Moran LJ, Brinkworth G, Noakes M, et al. Effects of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006 May;12(5):569-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16790100?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Kiddy DS, Hamilton-Fairley D, Bush A, et al. Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Jan;36(1):105-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1559293?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Clark AM, Ledger W, Galletly C, et al. Weight loss results in significant improvement in pregnancy and ovulation rates in anovulatory obese women. Hum Reprod. 1995 Oct;10(10):2705-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8567797?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Harrison CL, Lombard CB, Moran LJ, et al. Exercise therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2011 Mar-Apr;17(2):171-83.http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/171.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833639?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Moran LJ, Hutchison SK, Norman RJ, et al. Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):CD007506.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007506.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735412?tool=bestpractice.com 从心血管的角度出发,减轻体重也是有益的。关于限制卡路里热量(限制碳水化合物,而非脂肪的,或者高蛋白)的饮食与低蛋白的饮食相比,这样的研究并没有发现明显的益处。[68]Stamets K, Taylor DS, Kunselman A, et al. A randomized trial of the effects of two types of short-term hypocaloric diets on weight loss in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004 Mar;81(3):630-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15037413?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Moran JL, Noakes M, Clifton PM, et al. Short-term meal replacements followed by dietary macronutrient restriction enhance weight loss in polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):77-87.http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/1/77http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825684?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Moran LJ, Noakes M, Clifton PM, et al. Dietary composition in restoring reproductive and metabolic physiology in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Feb;88(2):812-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574218?tool=bestpractice.com
如果体重下降不成功,则可能需要加入二甲双胍。[71]Leeman L, Acharya U. The use of metformin in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome and associated anovulatory infertility: the current evidence. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009 Aug;29(6):467-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19697191?tool=bestpractice.com 二甲双胍可以恢复排卵和月经期,使得怀孕成为可能。然而,可能需要 6 到 9 个月才达到完全的效果。一些数据表明,二甲双胍可能在病态肥胖的女性中疗效较差。[72]Ehrmann DA, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, et al. Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Feb;82(2):524-30.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/82/2/524http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9024248?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Johnson NP, Bontekoe S, Stewart AW. Analysis of factors predicting success of metformin and clomiphene treatment for women with infertility owing to PCOS-related ovulation dysfunction in a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Jun;51(3):252-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21631446?tool=bestpractice.com 目前还没有确定能够预测二甲双胍有效反应的患者特征。一些专家认为所有的 PCOS 患者均能受益,而另外一些专家则只对超重或肥胖女性,或者看上去有胰岛素抵抗的患者给药。与此同时,二甲双胍似乎增加了排卵和妊娠率,并没有增加活产率。[74]Tang T, Lord JM, Norman RJ, et al. Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD003053.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003053.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592687?tool=bestpractice.com [
]For women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligomenorrhea, and subfertility, what are the effects of insulin-sensitizing drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol)?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1975/full显示答案Meta 分析表明,妊娠期继续使用二甲双胍可能降低早期妊娠丢失率和早产率,而不会造成妊娠期糖尿病、子痫前期或胎儿畸形。[75]Feng L, Lin XF, Wan ZH, et al. Efficacy of metformin on pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2015;31(11):833-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26440203?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Zeng XL, Zhang YF, Tian Q, et al. Effects of metformin on pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Sep;95(36):e4526.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27603343?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Tan X, Li S, Chang Y, et al. Effect of metformin treatment during pregnancy on women with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Invest Med. 2016 Sep 11;39(4):E120-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27619399?tool=bestpractice.com
如果上述措施均不能妊娠,则应该给予氯米芬。对于体重正常的女性,这是一线治疗。越来越多的证据表明氯米芬相比于二甲双胍在不孕治疗方面更有效。对于肥胖女性,如果减肥不能恢复排卵的话,一开始就使用氯米芬或者过渡到氯米芬是合理的(而非过渡到二甲双胍)。一些研究(而非全部)显示对于单独运用氯米芬无效的患者,加用二甲双胍可能会有效。对于有肾上腺雄激素过多症状的患者,可在氯米芬基础上加用地塞米松。
如果这些措施失败,则应给予促性腺激素等注射治疗。促性腺激素通常作为单一治疗;然而,加二甲双胍可能减少卵巢过度刺激综合征的风险。[78]Aboulghar M. Symposium: Update on prediction and management of OHSS. Prevention of OHSS. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009 Jul;19(1):33-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19573288?tool=bestpractice.com 初步证据表明,使用促性腺激素诱导排卵期间,使用二甲双胍后进行定期性交或宫腔内人工授精可能增加妊娠率和活产率。 [79]Bordewijk EM, Nahuis M, Costello MF, et al. Metformin during ovulation induction with gonadotrophins followed by timed intercourse or intrauterine insemination for subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 24;(1):CD009090.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009090.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28118681?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Abu Hashim H. Twenty years of ovulation induction with metformin for PCOS; what is the best available evidence? Reprod Biomed Online. 2016 Jan;32(1):44-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26656973?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of adjuvant metformin during ovulation induction with gonadotrophins in women with subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1610/full显示答案
在最难治的病例中,开展体外受精或者腹腔镜卵巢打孔。在 PCOS 氯米芬耐药的患者中,使用腹腔镜卵巢打孔技术排卵率为 79%,在排卵患者中妊娠率是 67%,而进展为盆腔粘连的概率是 23%。[81]Parsanezhad MEZ, Schmidt EH. Surgical ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Iran J Med Sci. 2009 Dec;34(4):225-41. 一项 meta 分析发现,在体外受精和卵胞浆内精子注射 ( intracytoplasmic sperm injection, ICSI) 期间给予二甲双胍在不影响妊娠率和出生率的同时可能还会减少卵巢过度刺激综合征和流产的风险,提高着床率。[82]Palomba S, Falbo A, La Sala GB. Effects of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with gonadotrophins for in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BJOG. 2013 Feb;120(3):267-76.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.12070/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23194199?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Mourad S, Brown J, Farquhar C. Interventions for the prevention of OHSS in ART cycles: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 23;(1):CD012103.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012103.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28111738?tool=bestpractice.com二甲双胍在体外受精期间或使用二甲双胍进行 ICSI 周期内降低卵巢过度刺激风险的效果已在另一项 meta 分析中得到证实;但是此项 meta 分析未表明二甲双胍降低了自然流产的发生率。[84]Huang X, Wang P, Tal R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of metformin among patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing assisted reproductive technology procedures. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015 Nov;131(2):111-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26304048?tool=bestpractice.com