慢传输型便秘(STC)与结肠平滑肌功能障碍(肌肉病变)和/或结肠神经支配功能失调(神经病变)有关。[33]Rao SS, Sadeghi P, Beaty J, et al. Ambulatory 24-hour colonic manometry in slow-transit constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec;99(12):2405-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15571589?tool=bestpractice.com 有研究证实,STC患者表现结肠各相运动功能的显著受损,[34]Rao SS, Sadeghi P, Batterson K, et al. Altered periodic rectal motor activity: a mechanism for slow transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2001 Dec;13(6):591-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903920?tool=bestpractice.com胃结肠反射和早醒反应也显著受损,但结肠运动的昼夜变化正常。[33]Rao SS, Sadeghi P, Beaty J, et al. Ambulatory 24-hour colonic manometry in slow-transit constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec;99(12):2405-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15571589?tool=bestpractice.com 在直肠乙状结肠区域周期性运动活性增加,以阻止结肠食物的推进。[34]Rao SS, Sadeghi P, Batterson K, et al. Altered periodic rectal motor activity: a mechanism for slow transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2001 Dec;13(6):591-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903920?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,不止高振幅推进性收缩(HAPC)的次数显著减少,其推进的速度和振幅均有显著降低,从而导致这些收缩波在便秘患者中过早消失。[33]Rao SS, Sadeghi P, Beaty J, et al. Ambulatory 24-hour colonic manometry in slow-transit constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec;99(12):2405-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15571589?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Rao SS, Sadeghi P, Batterson K, et al. Altered periodic rectal motor activity: a mechanism for slow transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2001 Dec;13(6):591-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903920?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Bassotti G, de Roberto G, Castellani D, et al. Normal aspects of colorectal motility and abnormalities in slow transit constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 May 14;11(18):2691-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884105?tool=bestpractice.com
2/3成年患者的排便障碍似乎是获得性的排便行为障碍,可能源于错误的如厕训练、行为问题或父母与子女的冲突。[3]Rao SS, Tuteja AK, Vellema T, et al. Dyssynergic defecation: demographics, symptoms, stool patterns, and quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:680-685.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319652?tool=bestpractice.com 一项前瞻性研究显示,多数排便障碍患者在试图排便时腹腔、直肠肛门和盆底肌肉无法协调。[3]Rao SS, Tuteja AK, Vellema T, et al. Dyssynergic defecation: demographics, symptoms, stool patterns, and quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:680-685.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319652?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Rao SS, Welcher KD, Leistikow JS. Obstructive defecation: a failure of rectoanal coordination. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jul;93(7):1042-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9672327?tool=bestpractice.com 直肠肛门协同失调包括两种类型:肛门矛盾性收缩、肛门松弛不够或直肠/腹部推进力不足。[3]Rao SS, Tuteja AK, Vellema T, et al. Dyssynergic defecation: demographics, symptoms, stool patterns, and quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:680-685.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319652?tool=bestpractice.com 另外,2/3患者表现出直肠敏感性降低。[3]Rao SS, Tuteja AK, Vellema T, et al. Dyssynergic defecation: demographics, symptoms, stool patterns, and quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:680-685.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319652?tool=bestpractice.com
IBS-C患者可能有自主神经调节或者神经递质如血清素等释放的改变或肠道受体功能的改变。[32]Crowell MD, Harris L, Jones MP, et al. New insights into the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome: implications for future treatments. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7:272-279.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16042910?tool=bestpractice.com 家族聚集和双生子研究显示肠易激综合征 (IBS) 存在遗传易感性。[37]Levy RL, Jones KR, Whitehead WE, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: heredity and social learning both contribute to etiology. Gastroenterology. 2001 Oct;121(4):799-804.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11606493?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然几个候选遗传标记与IBS有关,显著的遗传多态性使单一病因或致病机制的观点不太可能成立。[38]Park MI, Camilleri M. Genetics and genotypes in irritable bowel syndrome: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;34(2):305-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15862937?tool=bestpractice.com 饮食因素如果糖不耐受也可能导致出现IBS症状,特别是在那些有排气和腹胀以及腹泻型IBS(IBS-D)患者中。[39]Choi YK, Johlin FC Jr, Summers RW, et al. Fructose intolerance: an under-recognized problem. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Jun;98(6):1348-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12818280?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Choi Y, Jackson M, Summers RW, et al. Fructose intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:309. 小肠细菌过度生长被认为与之有关,使用利福昔明清除小肠细菌过度生长似乎能改善部分患者的症状。[41]Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Dec;95(12):3503-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11151884?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Pimentel M, Park S, Mirocha J, et al. The effect of a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic (rifaximin) on the symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Oct 17;145(8):557-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043337?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,IBS已被报道为胃肠炎后的一种表现,这种感染后的IBS可能与肠细胞因子上调和/或先行精神问题相关。[43]Gwee KA. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2001 Aug;4(4):287-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11469986?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Wilder-Smith CH, Schindler D, Lovblad K, et al. Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging of rectal pain and activation of endogenous inhibitory mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome patient subgroups and healthy controls. Gut. 2004 Nov;53(11):1595-601.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774298/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479679?tool=bestpractice.com 关于脑肠相互作用的研究表明,异常皮质感知、警觉过度以及脑干下传信号抑制受损或失调可能分别发挥作用。[44]Wilder-Smith CH, Schindler D, Lovblad K, et al. Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging of rectal pain and activation of endogenous inhibitory mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome patient subgroups and healthy controls. Gut. 2004 Nov;53(11):1595-601.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774298/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479679?tool=bestpractice.com