多次生产、经阴道产和阴道侧切和压力性尿失禁相关。这是因为生产时过度拉伸盆底肌肉和结缔组织,导致其支撑力量减弱,同时也可能损伤到盆底和会阴的神经。[11]Burgio KL, Locher JL, Zycznski H, et al. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy in a racially mixed sample: characteristics and predisposing factors. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1996;7:69-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8798089?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Viktrup L, Lose G, Rolff M, et al. The symptom of stress incontinence caused by pregnancy or delivery in primiparas. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79:945-949.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579319?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Alling Moller L, Lose G, Jergensen T. Risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms in women 40-60 years of age. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:446-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960640?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Handa VL, Harris TA, Ostergard DR. Protecting the pelvic floor: obstetric management to prevent incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:470-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8752261?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Deffieux X. Urinary incontinence and pregnancy [in French]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod. 2009;38(8 Suppl):S212-S231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141920?tool=bestpractice.com超重会增加对骨盆组织的压力,导致肌肉、神经和其他骨盆结构的慢性劳损、拉伸和削弱。[16]Burgio KL, Mathews KA, Engel BT. Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy, middle-aged women. J Urol. 1991;146:1255-1259.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1942274?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Dwyer PL, Lee ET, Hat DM. Obesity and urinary incontinence in women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95:91-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3342213?tool=bestpractice.com排尿有烧灼感、开始排尿困难、无法停止排尿、排尿时需要用力、需要多次排尿才能排空膀胱以及夜尿都是尿失禁的潜在征兆。[13]Alling Moller L, Lose G, Jergensen T. Risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms in women 40-60 years of age. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:446-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960640?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Diokno AC, Brock BM, Brown MB, et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other urologic symptoms in the non-institutionalized elderly. J Urol. 1986;136:1022-1025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3490584?tool=bestpractice.com痴呆可能与老年女性尿失禁发病率增高有关。[19]Skelly J, Flint AJ. Urinary incontinence associated dementia. Am J Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:286-294.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7884121?tool=bestpractice.com长期反复、长时间的排便可导致进行性的神经病变和功能紊乱。[13]Alling Moller L, Lose G, Jergensen T. Risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms in women 40-60 years of age. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:446-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960640?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Handa VL, Harris TA, Ostergard DR. Protecting the pelvic floor: obstetric management to prevent incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:470-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8752261?tool=bestpractice.com有长期尿失禁病史的年轻女性如果合并有慢性便秘的病史,可能要考虑有隐匿性脊柱裂的可能。便失禁和尿失禁也可能并存,尤其是在老年人和疗养院里。重体力劳动,如提重物,可以导致盆底支撑结构压力增大,最后导致肌肉、神经和其它盆底结构的过度拉伸和功能减退,从而导致尿失禁。[20]Nygaard IE, Thompson FL, Svegalis SL, et al. Urinary incontinence in elite nulliparous athletes. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84:183-187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8041527?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Nygaard I, Delancy JO, Arnsdorf L, et al. Exercise and incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75:848-851.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2325968?tool=bestpractice.com膀胱颈位置异常可以在腹压增高时阻碍正常的压力传导。盆底肌肉和筋膜的松弛会阻碍压力传导至尿道。[22]Bent AE, Ostergard DR, Cundiff GW, et al. Urogynecology and pelvic floor dysfunction: pathophysiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
如果合并脑卒中,中枢神经系统抑制通路受限与压力性、急迫性和充溢性尿失禁相关。[4]Sampselle CM, Harlow SD, Skurnick J, et al. Urinary incontinence predictors and life impact in ethnically diverse perimenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:1230-1238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468167?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Nygaard I, Turvey C, Burns TL, et al. Urinary incontinence and depression in middle-aged United States women. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:149-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12517660?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Chiarelli P, Brown W, McElduff P. Leaking urine: prevalence and associated factors in Australian women. Neurourol Urodyn. 1999;18:567-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1052970?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Maggi S, Minicuci N, Langlois J, et al. Prevalence rate of urinary incontinence in community-dwelling elderly individuals: the Veneto study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M14-M18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11193226?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Buchsbaum GM, Chin M, Glantz C, et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in a cohort of nuns. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:226-229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12151141?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Thom DH, Haan MN, Van den Eeden SK. Medically recognized urinary incontinence and risk of hospitalization, nursing home admission and mortality. Age Ageing. 1997;26:367-374.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9351481?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Shin DC, Shin SH, Lee MM, et al. Pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in female stroke patients: a randomized, controlled and blinded trial. Clin Rehabil. 2016;30:259-267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862769?tool=bestpractice.com卒中后的上运动神经元病变导致的逼尿肌过度活动可表现为尿急和急迫性尿失禁。尿失禁可能是由于帕金森病所导致的神经损伤引起的直接结果,也可能是由于疾病所致的生理限制而间接造成的结果。此外,由于帕金森病或多发性硬化中所引起的上级运动神经元损伤,会对下行通路产生影响,从而导致感觉延迟、尿潴留和充溢性尿失禁等。[28]Swash M, Snooks SJ, Chalmes DH. Parity as a factor in incontinence in Multiple Sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1987;44:504-508.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3579661?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Andrews J, Nathan P. Lesions of the anterior frontal lobes and disturbances of micturition and defecation. Brain. 1964;87:233-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14188274?tool=bestpractice.com利尿剂可以导致多尿、尿频和尿急。此外,过量食用咖啡因也会导致尿频、尿急。[13]Alling Moller L, Lose G, Jergensen T. Risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms in women 40-60 years of age. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:446-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960640?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Arya LA, Myers DL, Jackson ND. Dietary caffeine intake and the risk for detrusor instability: a case-control study. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:85-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10862848?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Montella J, Wordell CJ. The effects of drugs on the lower urinary tract. In: Ostergard D, Bent A, eds. Urogynecology and urodynamics. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1996.[32]Movig KL, Leufkens HG, Belitser SV, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced urinary incontinence. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2002;11:271-279.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138594?tool=bestpractice.com
其它的一些与尿失禁可能相关的危险因素包括绝经期后,功能障碍,尿失禁家族史,儿童期遗尿,慢性咳嗽等。另外,长期用药史可能与尿失禁相关(如糖尿病、抑郁、慢性心衰等药物)[4]Sampselle CM, Harlow SD, Skurnick J, et al. Urinary incontinence predictors and life impact in ethnically diverse perimenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:1230-1238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468167?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Nygaard I, Turvey C, Burns TL, et al. Urinary incontinence and depression in middle-aged United States women. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:149-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12517660?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Chiarelli P, Brown W, McElduff P. Leaking urine: prevalence and associated factors in Australian women. Neurourol Urodyn. 1999;18:567-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1052970?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Maggi S, Minicuci N, Langlois J, et al. Prevalence rate of urinary incontinence in community-dwelling elderly individuals: the Veneto study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M14-M18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11193226?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Buchsbaum GM, Chin M, Glantz C, et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in a cohort of nuns. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:226-229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12151141?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Thom DH, Haan MN, Van den Eeden SK. Medically recognized urinary incontinence and risk of hospitalization, nursing home admission and mortality. Age Ageing. 1997;26:367-374.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9351481?tool=bestpractice.com泌尿生殖系统手术和骨盆手术,以及放射暴露、饮酒、使用麻醉性镇痛药和使用各种药物(例如抗组胺药、镇静药、安眠药、抗胆碱能药、抗抑郁药、镇静药物、α-肾上腺素受体激动剂、钙通道阻滞药)都可能在尿失禁的病因中起作用。