改变行为和生活方式应该作为首选的治疗方法。减轻体重、减少咖啡因和液体的摄入可以改善症状。[55]Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, et al; PRIDE Investigators. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:481-490.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806375#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19179316?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Subak LL, Richter HE, Hunskaar S. Obesity and urinary incontinence: epidemiology and clinical research update. J Urol. 2009;182(suppl):S2-S7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19846133?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Wing RR, Creasman JM, West DS, et al. Improving urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women through modest weight loss. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:284-292.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664387?tool=bestpractice.com在适当情况下改善骨盆肌肉功能和适度的膀胱再训练也有助于改善症状。[58]Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith EJ, Mac Habée-Séguin G. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD005654.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24823491?tool=bestpractice.com
对于症状较重的压力性尿失禁患者可以行药物和手术治疗。对于急迫性尿失禁患者,还可以行药物治疗、神经调节治疗或肉毒杆菌注射治疗。对于混合型尿失禁患者,治疗方式的选择应取决于患者主要症状或尿动力学检查结果。也就是说如果症状提示以压力性尿失禁为主(如用力、打喷嚏、咳嗽时出现漏尿),或是尿动力学检查提示压力性尿失禁,患者应该以压力性尿失禁的治疗方式治疗;如果症状主要表现为急迫性尿失禁(如尿急时同时伴有尿失禁),或尿动力血检查提示逼尿肌过度活动,患者应以急迫性尿失禁的治疗方式治疗。
行为治疗和生活方式调节
可以作为压力性尿失禁和急迫性尿失禁的治疗首选。适用于不想行手术治疗或长期依靠药物及设备治疗的患者。生活方式的干预包括减轻体重,减少咖啡因和液体摄入,减少体力活动(例如工作和运动),戒烟,解决长期便秘的问题。[55]Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, et al; PRIDE Investigators. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:481-490.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806375#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19179316?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Subak LL, Richter HE, Hunskaar S. Obesity and urinary incontinence: epidemiology and clinical research update. J Urol. 2009;182(suppl):S2-S7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19846133?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Wing RR, Creasman JM, West DS, et al. Improving urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women through modest weight loss. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:284-292.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664387?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Wilson PD, Bo K, Hay-Smith J, et al. Conservative treatment in women. Incontinence. Plymouth, UK: Plymbridge Distributors Ltd; 2002:571-624.[60]Thakar R, Stanton S. Regular review; management of urinary incontinence in women. BMJ. 2000;321:1326-1331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11090517?tool=bestpractice.com
行为治疗可以提高逼尿肌的控制力和盆底肌肉的功能。[61]Fantl JA, Wyman JF, McClish DK,et al. Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence. JAMA. 1991;265:609-613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1987410?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Fantl JA, Hurt WG, Dunn LJ. Detrusor instability syndrome: the use of bladder retraining drills with and without anticholinergics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;140:885-890.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7270599?tool=bestpractice.com[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary incontinence in women: management. September 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 12 October 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg171研究表明,当与药物治疗联合使用时,行为治疗可通过降低急迫性尿失禁事件的发生率来改善结果。[58]Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith EJ, Mac Habée-Séguin G. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD005654.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24823491?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Burgio KL, Kraus SR, Menefee S, et al; Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network. Behavioral therapy to enable women with urge incontinence to discontinue drug treatment: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:161-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678843?tool=bestpractice.com适用于急迫性尿失禁患者的疗法包括膀胱再训练和提醒排尿。[65]Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, et al. Nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence in women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:429-440.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1905131http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25222388?tool=bestpractice.com
定时/提示排尿是用于教患者按时主动排尿。适用于所有患者,但更适用于有痴呆、认知障碍的患者,还有那些居住在疗养院的患者。[61]Fantl JA, Wyman JF, McClish DK,et al. Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence. JAMA. 1991;265:609-613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1987410?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Fantl JA, Hurt WG, Dunn LJ. Detrusor instability syndrome: the use of bladder retraining drills with and without anticholinergics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;140:885-890.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7270599?tool=bestpractice.com[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary incontinence in women: management. September 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 12 October 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg171建议将此法用于能够学会识别膀胱充盈或在有提示时可以寻求帮助的患者。
膀胱训练(膀胱训练/定时排尿)包括尽量使膀胱充盈(如调整液体入量)或延长排尿间隔。[65]Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, et al. Nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence in women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:429-440.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1905131http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25222388?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Keating JC, Schulte EA, Miller E. Conservative care of urinary incontinence in the elderly. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;14:300-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3049892?tool=bestpractice.com
压力性尿失禁的行为治疗包括训练盆底肌肉(克格尔体操)和阴道设备治疗。[65]Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, et al. Nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence in women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:429-440.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1905131http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25222388?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Nygaard I, Heit M. Stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:607-620.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339776?tool=bestpractice.com
盆底肌肉康复:盆底肌肉训练(克格尔体操或盆底肌肉训练)可以增强尿道周围和阴道周围肌肉的力量。[58]Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith EJ, Mac Habée-Séguin G. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD005654.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24823491?tool=bestpractice.com尿失禁症状改善:有中等质量的研究证据显示盆底肌训练组的治疗效果优于不治疗、安慰剂或雌激素组,它可以让患者明显感觉到尿失禁症状有所改善。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。可以联合膀胱训练、生物反馈和功能性电刺激疗法。
阴道装置(如抗尿失禁阴道栓)可以机械性支撑膀胱颈同时又不会阻碍盆底肌肉功能。它对大多数压力性和急迫性尿失禁的患者都有效。[68]Robert M, Mainprize TC. Long-term assessment of the incontinence ring pessary for the treatment of stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2002;13:326-329.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12355294?tool=bestpractice.com症状改善:有一个高质量关于压力性尿失禁治疗的随机对照研究(ATLAS),它将患者随机入组到阴道栓治疗组、行为治疗组和联合治疗组。[69]Richter HE, Burgio KL, Brubaker L, et al. Continence pessary compared with behavioral therapy or combined therapy for stress incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:609-617.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20177294?tool=bestpractice.com此研究在连续观察12个月后发现,行为治疗组和阴道栓组在减少尿失禁症状方面疗效相当,联合治疗组与每种单独治疗的方式相比,并未体现出明显优势。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
生物反馈治疗是借助于电子生物反馈治疗仪,监视患者的生理信息,将信息反馈给患者。这些信息被转换为视觉、听觉或触觉信号反馈给患者[70]Cardozo LD. Biofeedback in overactive bladder. Urology. 2000;55:24-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10767447?tool=bestpractice.com可以作为盆底肌肉功能训练的补充。[71]Herderschee R, Hay-Smith EJ, Herbison GP, et al. Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):CD009252.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009252/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735442?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Burgio KL, Goode PS, Locher JL, et al. Behavioral training with and without biofeedback in the treatment of urge incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2293-2299.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=195505http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12425706?tool=bestpractice.com
建议将盆底肌训练 (PFMT) 联合膀胱训练用于混合型尿失禁女性患者。[65]Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, et al. Nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence in women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:429-440.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1905131http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25222388?tool=bestpractice.com此外,还可将 PFMT 作为尿失禁女性患者的一线保守治疗方案,尽管其长期疗效尚未确定。[73]Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith EJ, Mac Habée-Séguin G. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD005654.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24823491?tool=bestpractice.com
功能性电刺激疗法是一种用电刺激阴部神经和盆底肌肉的技术,通过放入阴道或直肠内的探头进行。已证实此治疗对压力性尿失禁和急迫性尿失禁症状改善明显。[74]Barroso JC, Ramos JG, Martins-Costa S, et al. Transvaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. BJU Int. 2004; 93:319-323.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764129?tool=bestpractice.com减少尿失禁发作的频率:有中等质量研究证据显示盆底电刺激的治疗组效果优于无治疗组或只放置刺激器却未真正刺激组,同时也发现它在减少尿失禁发作频率方面和阴道椎体一样有效。然而,盆底电刺激引发的压痛和阴道出血的概率要高于阴道椎体术组。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。该种治疗还可以和盆底肌训练联合使用,或者作为药物和手术的替代治疗。
急迫性尿失禁的药物治疗
药物可以通过抑制膀胱的收缩从而改善逼尿肌过度活动。可用的药物包括抗胆碱能药物、β3受体激动剂、三环类抗抑郁药、向肌性类药物。对于急迫性尿失禁合并逼尿肌过度活动的患者,奥昔布宁和托特罗定是首选的治疗药物。如果效果不好,可尝试米拉贝隆、索利那新、曲司氯铵、达非那新、弗斯特罗定和普鲁本辛。[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary incontinence in women: management. September 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 12 October 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg171[67]Nygaard I, Heit M. Stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:607-620.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339776?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Hartmann KE, McPheeters ML, Biller DH, et al. Treatment of overactive bladder in women. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2009;1-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19947666?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Nitti VW, Dmochowski R, Herschorn S, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of patients with overactive bladder and urinary incontinence: results of a phase 3, randomized, placebo controlled trial. J Urol. 2013;189:2186-2193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246476?tool=bestpractice.com一项 RCT 的数据显示,相比单药治疗和安慰剂,索利那新和米拉贝隆联合治疗能够更有效地改善急迫性尿失禁相关症状,包括增加排尿量、降低排尿频率和减少尿急发作次数。[77]Abrams P, Kelleher C, Staskin D, et al. Combination treatment with mirabegron and solifenacin in patients with overactive bladder: efficacy and safety results from a randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging, phase 2 study (Symphony). Eur Urol. 2015;67:577-588.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24612659?tool=bestpractice.com
压力性尿失禁的药物治疗
在患者没有禁忌症的情况下,由尿道括约肌功能不全引起的压力性尿失禁的一线治疗药物是伪麻黄碱。对于手术风险较高的患者同样有效。[67]Nygaard I, Heit M. Stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:607-620.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339776?tool=bestpractice.com如果一线治疗药物无效,建议使用丙咪嗪。[78]Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research. Urinary incontinence in adults: acute and chronic management. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR); 1996.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52169/尽管度洛西汀并未被美国食品及药物管理局批准用于治疗压力性尿失禁,但是此药还是在其它国家被广泛的研究及应用。[79]Cardozo L, Lange R, Voss S, et al. Short- and long-term efficacy and safety of duloxetine in women with predominant stress urinary incontinence. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:253-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19929591?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者处于绝经期后,可以局部使用雌激素。尿失禁症状改善:有低质量的研究证据显示雌激素治疗的短期效果优于安慰剂组;有中等质量的研究证据显示雌激素的治疗效果不如盆底肌训练,但是和肾上腺受体激动剂组和盆底电刺激组疗效相当。然而,使用雌激素的长期安全性令人担忧。口服雌激素可以增加无子宫的绝经后女性脑卒中及乳腺癌的患病风险,还会增加有子宫的女性患子宫内膜癌的风险。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。雌激素可以以乳剂、阴道片、环形物的形式作用于缺乏雌激素作用的阴道和尿道组织上。[54]Committee on Practice Bulletins - Gynecology and the American Urogynecologic Society. ACOG Practice Bulletin no. 155: urinary incontinence in women. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126:e66-e81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26488524?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Nygaard I, Heit M. Stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:607-620.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339776?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Cody JD, Jacobs ML, Richardson K, et al. Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(10):CD001405.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001405.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076892?tool=bestpractice.com
手术治疗
推荐用于压力性尿失禁患者。手术治疗适用于保守治疗失败的患者或患者要求更有效的治疗。[60]Thakar R, Stanton S. Regular review; management of urinary incontinence in women. BMJ. 2000;321:1326-1331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11090517?tool=bestpractice.com与外科手术失败相关的因素包括有症状的逼尿肌过度活动、既往手术、肥胖、慢性咳嗽、血雌激素水平过低、高龄、既往放疗、剧烈体力活动和营养不良。[78]Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research. Urinary incontinence in adults: acute and chronic management. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR); 1996.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52169/如果主要缺陷是尿道过动或移位,则可以行耻骨后吊带术、经闭孔吊带术或微小吊带术等吊带手术和耻骨后悬吊术(例如 Burch 阴道悬吊术)。尿失禁的治愈:有高质量的研究证据显示开放的经耻骨后阴道悬吊术的尿失禁治愈率高于阴道前壁修补术,其与尿道下悬吊术疗效相当。开放的经耻骨后阴道悬吊术与非手术治疗相比会引起更多的副作用,但是手术并发症低于细针悬吊术。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。接受耻骨后阴道悬吊手术的患者可能会出现复发,因为较新的数据显示,在开放性耻骨后阴道悬吊术 5 年后,70% 的女性患者会出现阴道干燥。[81]Lapitan MC, Cody JD. Open retropubic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2):CD002912.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002912.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878400?tool=bestpractice.com不建议将针刺膀胱颈悬吊术和阴道前壁修补术作为压力性尿失禁的手术选择,因为研究发现其成功率较低。
行尿道中段吊带术时,将一段薄的聚丙烯网片置入尿道中段以弥补耻骨尿道韧带的功能不足。使用无张力吊带治疗压力性尿失禁的病生理机制是对耻骨尿道韧带进行修补。尿失禁的治愈:有低质量的证据显示无张力尿道中段悬吊术和尿道下悬吊术在术后6个月的治愈率相当。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。一个入组了90位女性手术患者的研究显示:行无张力吊带术后17年仍有90%的患者尿失禁症状改善良好。[82]Nilsson CG, Palva K, Aarnio R, et al. Seventeen years' follow-up of the tension-free vaginal tape procedure for female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24:1265-1269.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23563892?tool=bestpractice.com放置吊带的路径有自上而下的经耻骨后,也有经闭孔路径的。经闭孔穿刺路径的优势是避免了经耻骨后穿刺的狭小空间,因此可以减小膀胱穿孔的风险。[83]Amrute KV, Badlani GH. Female incontinence: a review of biomaterials and minimally invasive techniques. Curr Opin Urol. 2006;16:54-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16479204?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Ho MH, Lin LL, Haessler AL, et al. Tension-free transobturator tape procedure for stress urinary incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2006;18:567-574.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16932054?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Latthe PM. Review of transobturator and retropubic tape procedures for stress
urinary incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;20:331-336.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18660683?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Latthe PM, Foon R, Toozs-Hobson P. Transobturator and retropubic tape
procedures in stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis
of effectiveness and complications. BJOG. 2007;114:522-531. [Erratum in: BJOG. 2007;114:1311.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17362484?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Ford AA, Rogerson L, Cody JD, et al. Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD006375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006375.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130017?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Palva KR, Rinne K, Aukee P, et al. A randomized trial comparing tension-free vaginal tape with tension-free vaginal tape-obturator: 36-month results. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2010;21:1049-1055.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20440474?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Richter HE, Albo ME, Zyczynski HM, et al. Retropubic versus transobturator midurethral slings for stress incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2066-2076.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0912658#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479459?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Nilsson CG, Palva K, Rezapour M, et al. Eleven years prospective follow-up of the tension-free vaginal tape procedure for treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19:1043-1047.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535753?tool=bestpractice.com术后12个月观察经耻骨后和经闭孔尿道中段悬吊术的手术效果,结果显示两组疗效相当。[91]Albo ME, Litman HJ, Richter HE, et al. Treatment success of retropubic and transobturator mid urethral slings at 24 months. J Urol. 2012;188:2281-2287.http://www.jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(12)04409-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083653?tool=bestpractice.com但是,无论采用什么途径(经闭孔或耻骨后),研究已表明,尿道中段吊带术在短期和中期具有良好疗效,且其长期疗效数据也越来越好。[87]Ford AA, Rogerson L, Cody JD, et al. Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD006375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006375.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130017?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Schimpf MO, Rahn DD, Wheeler TL, et al; Society of Gynecologic Surgeons Systematic Review Group. Sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211:71.e1-71.e27.http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378%2814%2900059-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24487005?tool=bestpractice.com压力性尿失禁手术治疗的最新进展是微小吊带术的诞生。[93]Barber MD, Weidner AC, Sokol AI, et al. Single-incision mini-sling compared with tension-free vaginal tape for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119:328-337.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270285?tool=bestpractice.com尽管微小吊带术的创伤性更小,且不需要外部皮肤切口,但其长期疗效和持久性尚不明确。微小吊带术与无张力阴道吊带术在一年时的疗效相当,但前者的术后尿失禁发生率较高(16% 对 5%)。[93]Barber MD, Weidner AC, Sokol AI, et al. Single-incision mini-sling compared with tension-free vaginal tape for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119:328-337.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270285?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Lee JK, Rosamilia A, Dwyer PL, et al. Randomized trial of a single incision versus an outside-in transobturator midurethral sling in women with stress urinary incontinence: 12 month results. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213:35.e1-35.e9.http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378%2815%2900096-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25637849?tool=bestpractice.com
对于同时患有压力性尿失禁和脱垂的女性患者,尿道中段吊带放置也很重要。当对这些女性患者同时行脱垂修复伴尿道中段吊带术后,她们会较少发生有症状的压力性尿失禁。例如,一项研究发现,接受脱垂修复的女性患者中有 17% 需要再次吊带手术。[95]van der Ploeg JM, Oude Rengerink K, van der Steen A, et al; Dutch Urogynaecology Consortium. Transvaginal prolapse repair with or without the addition of a midurethral sling in women with genital prolapse and stress urinary incontinence: a randomised trial. BJOG. 2015;122:1022-1030.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25754458?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗由括约肌功能不良造成的压力性尿失禁的手术方法包括吊带手术、尿道旁注射治疗和人工尿道括约肌植入术。[63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary incontinence in women: management. September 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 12 October 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg171[78]Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research. Urinary incontinence in adults: acute and chronic management. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR); 1996.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52169/尿失禁的治愈:有高质量的研究证据显示尿道下悬吊术的治愈率和开放的经耻骨后阴道悬吊术相当;有低质量的研究证据显示尿道下悬吊术在术后1年的治愈率与细针悬吊术相当,但是围手术期并发症更多。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。尽管研究显示经闭孔吊带可以减少膀胱穿孔的手术风险,但是对于因内括约肌功能不良导致的压力性尿失禁的治疗效果不如经耻骨后吊带术。因此,对于此类患者,我们不推荐经闭孔和单切口吊带术。[96]Long CY, Hsu CS, Wu MP, et al. Comparison of tension-free vaginal tape and transobturator tape procedure for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2009;21:342-347.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528799?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Latthe PM, Singh P, Foon R, et al. Two routes of transobturator tape procedures in stress urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis with direct and indirect comparison of randomized trials. BJU Int. 2010;106:68-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19912182?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Guerette NL, Bena JF, Davila GW. Transobturator slings for stress incontinence: using urodynamic parameters to predict outcomes. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19:97-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17549430?tool=bestpractice.com
尿道旁注射治疗可以用于非尿道移位性压力性尿失禁患者,可以作为手术治疗失败后的补救治疗,或者用于不适宜手术的患者。有几种材料可以选择,硅胶粒是一种非常有前景的硅酮聚合物,一项18个月的临床观察显示其有效率高达64%。[99]Ghoniem GM, Miller CJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Macroplastique for treating female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24:27-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3536958/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699885?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Ghoniem G, Corcos J, Comiter C, et al. Cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane injection for female stress urinary incontinence: results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled, single-blind study. J Urol. 2009;181:204-210.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19013613?tool=bestpractice.comCoaptite 是一种含钙羟磷灰石的凝胶介质,也可用于治疗。还可使用 Durasphere 碳珠。尚无比较填充剂的头对头研究发表。
其他注意事项
对于药物治疗效果不佳的膀胱过度活动症(逼尿肌过度活动),神经调节是一种新的可选择的治疗方法。它可以经皮刺激,通过传入神经传导信号,如经胫神经(Urgent PC)或经骶神经(InterStim)。经过12个礼拜的胫神经调节治疗,成功率高达71%。[101]Govier FE, Litwiller S, Nitti V, et al. Percutaneous afferent neuromodulation for the refractory overactive bladder: results of a multicenter study. J Urol. 2001;165:1193-1198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11257669?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Perez-Marrero RA, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus sham efficacy in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome: results from the SUmiT trial. J Urol. 2010;183:1438-1443.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171677?tool=bestpractice.com在经InterStim治疗5年后,膀胱过度活动症状(尿急、尿频、尿失禁)的治疗有效率达56%-71%。[103]van Kerrebroeck PE, van Voskuilen AC, Heesakkers JP, et al. Results of sacral neuromodulation therapy for urinary voiding dysfunction: outcomes of a prospective, worldwide clinical study. J Urol. 2007;178:2029-2034.http://www.jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(07)01768-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17869298?tool=bestpractice.com
将A型肉毒素注射于膀胱壁内也被证实对逼尿肌过度活动有效。[104]Sahai A, Khan MS, Dasgupta P. Efficacy of botulinum toxin-A for treating idiopathic detrusor overactivity: results from a single centre, randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. J Urol. 2007;6:2231-2236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17509328?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Werner M, Schmid DM, Schuller B. Efficacy of botulinum-A toxin in the treatment of detrusor overactivity incontinence: a prospective non-randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;5:1735-1740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15902187?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Cruz F, Herschorn S, Aliotta P, et al. Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2011;60:742-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798658?tool=bestpractice.com这种治疗方法可以替代神经调节治疗作为药物治疗无效者的另外一种可选治疗方法。那些使用一种或几种抗胆碱药物治疗无效的患者,注射A型肉毒素可能有效。[107]Sievert KD, Chapple C, Herschorn S, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA 100U provides significant improvements in overactive bladder symptoms in patients with urinary incontinence regardless of the number of anticholinergic therapies used or reason for inadequate management of overactive bladder. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68:1246-1256.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcp.12443/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24754838?tool=bestpractice.com