手术
如药物治疗3~6周仍无症状缓解或功能改善,可建议进行手术治疗,且多项研究表明手术治疗效果优于非手术治疗。[33]Kovacs FM, Urrutia G, Alarcon JD. Surgery versus conservative treatment for symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Spine. 2011;36:E1335-E1351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21311394?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗方案应与患者共同商讨制定,以保证治疗方案符合患者的意愿。 有许多辅助手段可以用于为患者讲解治疗方法及预期效果。 首选读物和影像学资料,辅以教授训练从而解决任何疑问或焦虑。 这一过程中提高了患者对疾病和治疗的了解,有助于调整患者不切实际的期望并了解患者的意愿和想法。[34]Weinstein JN. The missing piece: embracing shared decision making to reform health care. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25:1-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10647152?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Weinstein JN, Clay K, Morgan TS. Informed patient choice: patient-centered valuing of surgical risks and benefits. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26:726-730.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17485750?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Phelan EA, Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, et al. Helping patients decide about back surgery: a randomized trial of an interactive video program. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26:206-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11154542?tool=bestpractice.com
脊柱患者结局研究试验 (SPORT) 显示:对于存在神经性跛行或神经根症状持续至少 12 周的椎管狭窄患者,椎管狭窄手术使得患者 8 年内的结果优于非手术治疗,不过在纳入后第 4 至 8 年期间手术益处减少。[37]Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, et al. Surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis four-year results of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35:1329-1338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453723?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, Tosteson A, et al. Long-term outcomes of lumbar spinal stenosis: eight-year results of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40:63-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25569524?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does surgical decompression compare with multimodal non-operative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.908/full显示答案 对以腿痛而非背痛为主要表现的患者,手术是最有效的治疗,[39]Ganz JC. Lumbar spinal stenosis: postoperative results in terms of preoperative posture-related pain. J Neurosurg. 1990;72:71-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2136756?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Pearson A, Blood E, Lurie J, et al. Predominant leg pain is associated with better surgical outcomes in degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis: results from the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36:219-229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124260?tool=bestpractice.com 并且能够改善间歇跛行。[41]Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Brick GW, et al. Clinical correlates of patient satisfaction after laminectomy for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine. 1995;20:1155-1160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7638658?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Atlas SJ, Keller RB, Robson D, et al. Surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: four-year outcomes from the Maine lumbar spine study. Spine. 2000;25:556-562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10749631?tool=bestpractice.com 但手术效果与很多患者自身情况有关,除吸烟者外,在其他患者中手术疗效优于非手术治疗。[43]Pearson A, Lurie J, Tosteson T, et al. Who should have surgery for spinal stenosis? Treatment effect predictors in SPORT. Spine. 2012;37:1791-1802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23018805?tool=bestpractice.com 手术以后正中入路对受累节段椎体施行双侧椎板切除(因腰椎狭窄通常为双侧)。需对所有受累节段中央管、侧隐窝及神经管进行充分减压:根据术前影像学检查及术中所见,需磨除骨性结构、黄韧带及小关节囊。保留椎弓根及小关节对维持脊柱稳定极为关键。对局部神经管或侧隐窝狭窄、小关节滑液囊形成等局灶性病变者,可行单侧椎板切除或椎板开窗等局部手术。开放手术和管状牵开系统(局部手术)的手术暴露和效果相当。在器械供应商资助的研究中,植入腰椎棘突间固定系统在术后2年疗效优于非手术治疗。[44]Zucherman JF, Hsu KY, Hartjen CA, et al. A multicenter, prospective, randomized trial evaluating the X STOP interspinous process decompression system for the treatment of neurogenic intermittent claudication: two-year follow-up results. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30:1351-1358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15959362?tool=bestpractice.com 然而有研究者指出腰椎棘突间固定手术失败率较高,并不能达到预期疗效,因此不推荐进行。[45]Verhoof OJ, Bron JL, Wapstra FH, et al. High failure rate of the interspinous distraction device (X-Stop) for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis caused by degenerative spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:188-192.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2226191http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17846801?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Brussee P, Hauth J, Donk RD, et al. Self-rated evaluation of outcome of the implantation of interspinous process distraction (X-Stop) for neurogenic claudication. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:200-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2365546http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17972111?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Bowers C, Amini A, Dailey AT, et al. Dynamic interspinous process stabilization: review of complications associated with the X-Stop device. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;28:E8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20568923?tool=bestpractice.com 相比于椎板切除,腰椎棘突间固定的性价比并不高。[48]Burnett MG, Stein SC, Bartels RH. Cost-effectiveness of current treatment strategies for lumbar spinal stenosis: nonsurgical care, laminectomy, and X-STOP. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13:39-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594016?tool=bestpractice.com 尚无随机对照研究比较棘突间固定器与椎板切除术的疗效。尽管已经有一种棘突固定器材(X-STOP)获得FDA批准,且许多器材也在研究中,但其远期疗效仍不清楚。
在研究退行性脊椎前移的 SPORT 试验中,在长达 4 年内接受减压融合治疗的患者病情改善情况优于接受非手术治疗的患者。[49]Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, et al; SPORT Investigators. Surgical versus nonsurgical therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:794-810.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0707136#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18287602?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, et al. Surgical compared with nonoperative treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. Four-year results in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) randomized and observational cohorts. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:1295-1304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686131/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487505?tool=bestpractice.com 术中常使用脊柱融合固定装置,可提高脊柱稳定性和关节融合术成功的可能性,但不能改善术后功能。[51]Zdeblick TA. The treatment of degenerative lumbar disorders. A critical review of the literature. Spine. 1995;20:126S-137S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8747267?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Fischgrund JS, Mackay M, Herkowitz HN, et al. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis: a prospective, randomized study comparing decompressive laminectomy and arthrodesis with and without spinal instrumentation. Spine. 1997;22:2807-2812.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431616?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,没有研究证据表明椎体融合方式影响术后4年的预后。[53]Abdu WA, Lurie JD, Spratt KF, et al. Degenerative spondylolisthesis: does fusion method influence outcome? Four-year results of the spine patient outcomes research trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34:2351-2360.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19755935?tool=bestpractice.com 应用BMP-2和rhBMP-7等成骨蛋白可提高融合手术成功的概率,但是否可改善临床预后尚不清楚。[54]Vaccaro AR, Lawrence JP, Patel T, et al. The safety and efficacy of OP-1 (rhBMP-7) as a replacement for iliac crest autograft in posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis: a long-term (>4 years) pivotal study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33:2850-2862.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092614?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Garrison KR, Donell S, Ryder J, et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bone morphogenetic proteins in the non-healing of fractures and spinal fusion: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11:1-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17669279?tool=bestpractice.com
手术减压的并发症包括意外硬脊膜切开(其中0.3%~13%会出现脑脊液漏或假性脊膜膨出),[56]Turner JA, Ersek M, Herron L, et al. Surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: attempted meta-analysis of the literature. Spine. 1992;17:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1531550?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Silvers HR, Lewis PJ, Asch HL. Decompressive lumbar laminectomy for spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:695-701.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8468598?tool=bestpractice.com 深部感染(0.5%~3%)、浅表感染(0.9%~5%)[58]Shektman A, Granick MS, Solomon MP, et al. Management of infected laminectomy wounds. Neurosurgery. 1994;35:307-309.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7969840?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, et al. Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2257-2270.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa070302#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17538085?tool=bestpractice.com 以及深静脉血栓和肺栓塞风险(0.1%)。[60]Ramirez LF, Thisted R. Complications and demographic characteristics of patients undergoing lumbar discectomy in community hospitals. Neurosurgery. 1989;25:226-231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2770987?tool=bestpractice.com 更少见的并发症包括运动障碍(多为一过性)、神经结构的直接损伤、硬脊膜外血肿(常引起马尾综合征)、蛛网膜炎及脑膜炎。总体院内死亡风险为0.32%~1%,常由败血症、心肌梗死或肺栓塞导致。[56]Turner JA, Ersek M, Herron L, et al. Surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: attempted meta-analysis of the literature. Spine. 1992;17:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1531550?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, et al. Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2257-2270.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa070302#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17538085?tool=bestpractice.com