一项关于症状椎管狭窄的自然病史研究表明30%的患者在随后4年中行走耐力下降,其余患者症状稳定或有所改善。[64]Johnsson KE, Rosen I, Uden A. The natural course of lumbar spinal stenosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;279:82-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1534726?tool=bestpractice.com
接受药物或物理治疗的患者预后存在较大差异。 在未接受手术治疗的患者中,约50%症状无明显变化,25%症状缓解,25%症状加重(平均随访时间49个月,随访时间在10~103个月之间)。[64]Johnsson KE, Rosen I, Uden A. The natural course of lumbar spinal stenosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;279:82-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1534726?tool=bestpractice.com
几项前瞻性研究提示手术治疗组远期预后(4~6年)明显优于非手术治疗组。[65]Tenhula J, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, et al. Prospective functional evaluation of the surgical treatment of neurogenic claudication in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. J Spinal Disord. 2000;13:276-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10941885?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Amundsen T, Weber H, Nordal HJ, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis: conservative or surgical management?: a prospective 10-year study. Spine. 2000;25:1424-1436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828926?tool=bestpractice.com 在缅因腰椎研究中,首选手术治疗的患者随访8~10年,腿痛症状能够更好缓解,腰背功能状态恢复更好。然而各组中仅有约一半的患者远期预后较好。[67]Atlas SJ, Keller RB, Wu YA, et al. Long-term outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: 8 to 10 year results from the Maine lumbar spine study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30:936-943.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15834339?tool=bestpractice.com
手术后即刻和短期疗效通常较好。 术后78%~88%的患者6周至6个月疗效满意,术后1~5年疗效满意率降至70%。[68]Javid MJ, Hadar EJ. Long-term follow-up review of patients who underwent laminectomy for lumbar stenosis: a prospective study. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9647165?tool=bestpractice.com 对椎板切除术后患者5年随访结果的分析显示术后2年的疗效较好(67%),但术后5年仅有52%疗效满意,18%的患者再次进行手术。[69]Jonsson B, Annertz M, Sjoberg C, et al. A prospective and consecutive study of surgically treated lumbar spinal stenosis. part II: five-year follow-up by an independent observer. Spine. 1997;22:2938-2944.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431630?tool=bestpractice.com 研究结果显示多数患者70~80岁手术仍较安全且疗效满意。[70]Vitaz TW, Raque GH, Shields CB, et al. Surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis in patients older than 75 years of age. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:181-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10505502?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Kalbarczyk A, Lukes A, Seiler RW. Surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis in the elderly. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1998;140:637-641.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9781274?tool=bestpractice.com 术后可出现背痛复发。患者治疗后初期症状可获得改善,但随后再度逐渐加重。一项研究显示27%的患者术后5年出现复发。[72]Caputy AJ, Luessenhop AJ. Long-term evaluation for decompressive surgery for degenerative lumbar stenosis. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:669-676.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403105?tool=bestpractice.com 手术节段的再狭窄、其他节段新发狭窄、腰椎间盘突出加重及后期脊柱不稳是术后复发的主要原因。[72]Caputy AJ, Luessenhop AJ. Long-term evaluation for decompressive surgery for degenerative lumbar stenosis. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:669-676.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403105?tool=bestpractice.com 总体上,二次手术对75%的术后疗效不佳患者依然有效。 最近,SPORT 试验的结果显示,在长达 4 年随访期内,接受非手术治疗的患者病情改善极微,而接受手术治的患者病情显著改善。[50]Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, et al. Surgical compared with nonoperative treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. Four-year results in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) randomized and observational cohorts. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:1295-1304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686131/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487505?tool=bestpractice.com 主要预后指标和包括SF-36躯体疼痛评分、肢体功能及Oswestry残障指数在内的次级预后指标都明显优于对照组。 退行性椎体滑脱的患者结果与此类似。[50]Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, et al. Surgical compared with nonoperative treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. Four-year results in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) randomized and observational cohorts. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:1295-1304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686131/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487505?tool=bestpractice.com