造成肥胖的原因是摄入的卡路里大于消耗的卡路里。 在西方,包括遗传、行为、激素失调、文化因素以及环境等都与之相关。 这些因素互相影响,通常在一位患者中存在大于1个因素。
遗传学:根据一些估计,在肥胖人群中,高达 70% 可能存在肥胖的可遗传原因:[6]Comuzzie AG, Allison DB. The search for human obesity genes. Science. 1998 May 29;280(5368):1374-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9603720?tool=bestpractice.com
一个明确的、全球化的“肥胖”基因尚未被发现。
通过候选基因检测和基因组筛查发现了很多与肥胖相关或导致(罕见情况下)肥胖的基因和/或遗传学标志物。[7]Bell CG, Walley AJ, Froguel P. The genetics of human obesity. Nat Rev Genet. 2005 Mar;6(3):221-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15703762?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Kokkoris P, Pi-Sunyer FX. Obesity and endocrine disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003 Dec;32(4):895-914.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14711067?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature. 1997 Jun 26;387(6636):903-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9202122?tool=bestpractice.com
行为(西方社会常见的例子):
食物份量变大的趋势[10]Ello-Martin JA, Ledikwe JH, Rolls BJ. The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implications for weight management. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1 suppl):S236-41.http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/1/236Shttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002828?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977-1998. JAMA. 2003 Jan 22-29;289(4):450-3.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/195813http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12533124?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Young LR, Nestle M. The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2002 Feb;92(2):246-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447051/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11818300?tool=bestpractice.com
越来越多的久坐生活方式[13]Hu FB, Li TY, Colditz GA, et al. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 2003 Apr 9;289(14):1785-91.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/196345http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12684356?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Manson JE, Skerrett PJ, Greenland P, et al. The escalating pandemics of obesity and sedentary lifestyle. A call to action for clinicians. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Feb 9;164(3):249-58.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14769621?tool=bestpractice.com
不良饮食习惯[15]Dreon DM, Frey-Hewitt B, Ellsworth N, et al. Dietary fat:carbohydrate ratio and obesity in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Jun;47(6):995-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3376914?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Wamala SP, Wolk A, Orth-Gomer K. Determinants of obesity in relation to socioeconomic status among middle-aged Swedish women. Prev Med. 1997 Sep-Oct;26(5 Pt 1):734-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9327484?tool=bestpractice.com
进食障碍[17]McElroy SL, Arnold LM, Shapira NA, et al. Topiramate in the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;160(2):255-61.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.255http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12562571?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Fairburn CG, Harrison PJ. Eating disorders.Lancet. 2003 Feb 1;361(9355):407-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12573387?tool=bestpractice.com
精神疾病。[19]Megna JL, Schwartz TL, Siddiqui UA, et al. Obesity in adults with serious and persistent mental illness: a review of postulated mechanisms and current interventions. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2011 May;23(2):131-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21547274?tool=bestpractice.com
文化(美国和其他国家中的文化实践、对美和身体形象的认识、烹饪、进食习惯和生活方式与肥胖有关):[20]Hazuda HP, Haffner SM, Stern MP, et al. Effects of acculturation and socioeconomic status on obesity and diabetes in Mexican Americans. The San Antonio Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Dec;128(6):1289-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3195568?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Kumanyika SK. Special issues regarding obesity in minority populations. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Oct 1;119(7):650-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8363191?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Martinez JA, Kearney JM, Kafatos A, et al. Variables independently associated with self-reported obesity in the European Union. Public Health Nutr. 1999 Mar;2(1A):125-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10933632?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Kaplan MS, Huguet N, Newsom JT, et al. The association between length of residence and obesity among Hispanic immigrants. Am J Prev Med. 2004 Nov;27(4):323-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15488363?tool=bestpractice.com
可能在童年肥胖的病因中发挥作用。[24]Parsons TJ, Power C, Logan S, et al. Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 Nov;23(suppl 8):S1-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10641588?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 25;337(13):869-73.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199709253371301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302300?tool=bestpractice.com
与美国不同少数民族中的肥胖有关[21]Kumanyika SK. Special issues regarding obesity in minority populations. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Oct 1;119(7):650-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8363191?tool=bestpractice.com
某些不认同肥胖的文化中的一个因素[26]Mokhtar N, Elati J, Chabir R, et al. Diet culture and obesity in northern Africa. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3):887-92.http://jn.nutrition.org/content/131/3/887S.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11238780?tool=bestpractice.com
影响了以上列举的行为因素。
环境:以上未提及的其他与肥胖相关的环境因素,包括:[27]Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, et al. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA. 1999 Oct 27;282(16):1523-9.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/282/16/1523http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10546691?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Swinburn B, Egger G, Raza F. Dissecting obesogenic environments: the development and application of a framework for identifying and prioritizing environmental interventions for obesity. Prev Med. 1999 Dec;29(6):563-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600438?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Caballero B. The global epidemic of obesity: an overview. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569676?tool=bestpractice.com
社会经济水平低[24]Parsons TJ, Power C, Logan S, et al. Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 Nov;23(suppl 8):S1-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10641588?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jan;79(1):6-16.http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/1/6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684391?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Rosmond R, Bjorntorp P. Psychosocial and socio-economic factors in women and their relationship to obesity and regional body fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 Feb;23(2):138-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10078847?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic status and obesity: a review of the literature. Psychol Bull. 1989 Mar;105(2):260-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2648443?tool=bestpractice.com
宫内营养环境不良。[33]Ravelli GP, Stein ZA, Susser MW. Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med. 1976 Aug 12;295(7):349-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/934222?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Birth weight and adult hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity in US men. Circulation. 1996 Dec 15;94(12):3246-50.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/12/3246http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8989136?tool=bestpractice.com
激素(肥胖不常见的因素,包括调控代谢的激素水平失调)
甲状腺功能减退[35]Barlow SE, Dietz WH. Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendations. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services. Pediatrics. 1998 Sep;102(3):E29.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/102/3/e29http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9724677?tool=bestpractice.com
皮质醇增多症[35]Barlow SE, Dietz WH. Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendations. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services. Pediatrics. 1998 Sep;102(3):E29.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/102/3/e29http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9724677?tool=bestpractice.com
胰岛瘤。[8]Kokkoris P, Pi-Sunyer FX. Obesity and endocrine disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003 Dec;32(4):895-914.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14711067?tool=bestpractice.com