对于希望减重的肥胖患者,饮食和运动是第一步。[1]Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S102-38.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/25_suppl_2/S102.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222017?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, et al. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD003817.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003817/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054187?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of exercise in people who are overweight or obese?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.79/full显示答案 减少卡路里的饮食和运动的组合比单一的努力更有效。[112]Franz MJ, VanWormer JJ, Crain AL, et al. Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Oct;107(10):1755-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17904936?tool=bestpractice.com 有些药物治疗可能可以帮助减重。[112]Franz MJ, VanWormer JJ, Crain AL, et al. Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Oct;107(10):1755-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17904936?tool=bestpractice.com 最初减重治疗目标(饮食和运动)是在6个月内体重减轻10%。[1]Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S102-38.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/25_suppl_2/S102.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222017?tool=bestpractice.com 对于BMI≤35 kg/m^2 的患者,这相当于每周下降 0.23 至 0.454 kg,对于 BMI >35 kg/m^2 的患者,相当于每周下降 0.454 至 0.91 kg。 在起初 6 个月后,重新评估患者,以确定治疗疗效、患者是否需要减少更多体重、或者是否可以建立体重维持计划。
1.饮食疗法
对于减重,女性摄入 1000 至 1200 千卡/日,男性摄入 1200 至 1500 千卡/日会产生每天 500 至 1000 千卡的卡路里不足。[1]Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S102-38.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/25_suppl_2/S102.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222017?tool=bestpractice.com 卡路里摄入曾经是并依然是饮食的主要关注点。[113]Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 26;360(9):859-73.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763382/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246357?tool=bestpractice.com
传统而言,饮食和运动方面最重要的要保证卡路里的摄入少于消耗,从而使人体的卡路里维持负平衡。[1]Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S102-38.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/25_suppl_2/S102.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222017?tool=bestpractice.com 低脂饮食是最常推荐的饮食。 目前关于饮食成分是否影响减重(无论总量卡路里减少与否)的证据尚不明确。 只有有限的证据显示低糖和低碳水化合物饮食均有效,[114]Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al; Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 17;359(3):229-41.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635428?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Hession M, Rolland C, Kulkarni U, et al. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Obes Rev. 2009 Jan;10(1):36-50.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00518.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18700873?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD005105.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005105/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636786?tool=bestpractice.com 但是从长期(>1 年)来看,没有一种单一的饮食被证明比其他饮食更有效。[82]Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, et al. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007 May 16;297(19):2092-102.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/297/19/2092http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17507345?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 26;360(9):859-73.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763382/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246357?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 22;348(21):2074-81.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022637#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12761364?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 22;348(21):2082-90.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022207#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12761365?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Gudzune KA, Doshi RS, Mehta AK, et al. Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Apr 7;162(7):501-12.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446719/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25844997?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, et al. Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014 Sep 3;312(9):923-33.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1900510http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182101?tool=bestpractice.com
在 6 个月随访时,发现低碳水化合物/高蛋白饮食所实现的减重高于低脂饮食,患者似乎更青睐低碳水化合物/高蛋白饮食。[115]Hession M, Rolland C, Kulkarni U, et al. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Obes Rev. 2009 Jan;10(1):36-50.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00518.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18700873?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD005105.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005105/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636786?tool=bestpractice.com 在关于饮食干预的研究中,遵照饮食方案(依从性)和患者报告所摄入卡路里的可靠性可能存在问题。附表中列出的饮食并非全面、无遗漏的。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 饮食选择,第一部分由 Mark Carlson, MD 惠赠;许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 饮食治疗,第二部分由 Mark Carlson, MD 惠赠;许可后使用 [Citation ends].
增加运动
Meta 分析显示,饮食联合运动方案中减重幅度高于仅使用饮食方案。[112]Franz MJ, VanWormer JJ, Crain AL, et al. Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Oct;107(10):1755-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17904936?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Wu T, Gao X, Chen M, et al. Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2009 May;10(3):313-23.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00547.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19175510?tool=bestpractice.com 单纯运动而不控制卡路里摄入的方案对于体重减轻无效。[112]Franz MJ, VanWormer JJ, Crain AL, et al. Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Oct;107(10):1755-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17904936?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者身体允许,每周应进行 3 次中等强度体育运动,每次 30 分钟。 体育运动可以增加到每周5-7次,每次45分钟的强度,只要患者能耐受。 此外,应鼓励增加其他体育活动(如爬楼梯,而非举重)。[1]Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S102-38.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/25_suppl_2/S102.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222017?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, et al. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD003817.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003817/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054187?tool=bestpractice.com 已有患者可参与的大量有监督和无监督的运动计划。
附表列出了常见的体育活动及其相应的热量消耗速率,这样医务人员就能了解不同体育活动的强度。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 活动由 Mark Carlson, MD 惠赠;许可后使用 [Citation ends].
辅助的心理治疗
加入心理治疗是饮食和运动的有效辅助,建议在所有愿意接受的患者中实施。[1]Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S102-38.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/25_suppl_2/S102.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222017?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Booth HP, Prevost TA, Wright AJ, et al. Effectiveness of behavioural weight loss interventions delivered in a primary care setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2014 Dec;31(6):643-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240316/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25298510?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Södlerlund A, Fischer A, Johansson T. Physical activity, diet and behaviour modification in the treatment of overweight and obese adults: a systematic review. Perspect Public Health. 2009 May;129(3):132-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19514637?tool=bestpractice.com 心理干预作为饮食和运动的辅助治疗,当采用行为或者认知行为治疗的形式时最有效。[123]Södlerlund A, Fischer A, Johansson T. Physical activity, diet and behaviour modification in the treatment of overweight and obese adults: a systematic review. Perspect Public Health. 2009 May;129(3):132-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19514637?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Pories WJ. Diabetes: the evolution of a new paradigm. Ann Surg. 2004 Jan;239(1):12-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356186/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14685094?tool=bestpractice.com[125]Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004 Oct 13;292(14):1724-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479938?tool=bestpractice.com 心理治疗由治疗师来进行比患者自行治疗效果更好。[126]Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, et al; Weight Loss Maintenance Collaborative Research Group. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Mar 12;299(10):1139-48.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/10/1139http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334689?tool=bestpractice.com
另外,经常自行称重的做法似乎对减重存在有益作用。[127]Vanwormer JJ, French SA, Pereira MA, et al. The impact of regular self-weighing on weight management: a systematic literature review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008 Nov 4;5:54.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588640/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18983667?tool=bestpractice.com
基于网络的行为干预可为减重的实现和维持,以及体重过度增加的预防提供有用的教育工具,但需要进一步研究,以确定它们的长期有效性。[128]Manzoni GM, Pagnini F, Corti S, et al. Internet-based behavioral interventions for obesity: an updated systematic review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2011 Mar 4;7:19-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087973/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21552423?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Maon S, Edirippulige S, Ware R, et al. The use of web-based interventions to prevent excessive weight gain. J Telemed Telecare. 2012 Jan;18(1):37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22101608?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Crane MM, Lutes LD, Ward DS, et al. A randomized trial testing the efficacy of a novel approach to weight loss among men with overweight and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Dec;23(12):2398-405.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700541/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26727117?tool=bestpractice.com
辅助的药物治疗
如伴有肥胖相关共病,对于 BMI≥30 kg/m^2 或>27 kg/m^2 的人群,应把药物疗法作为饮食和运动的辅助干预手段。[1]Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S102-38.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/25_suppl_2/S102.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222017?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Snow V, Barry P, Fitterman N, et al; Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians. Pharmacologic and surgical management of obesity in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 5;142(7):525-31.http://www.annals.org/content/142/7/525.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15809464?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DC. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004094.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004094/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14584004?tool=bestpractice.com
研究已证实,奥利司他在仅联合饮食和运动时有中度疗效(减重大约 5%),但常见轻度胃肠道副作用。[132]Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DC. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004094.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004094/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14584004?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Steinbrook R. Surgery for severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 11;350(11):1075-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15014179?tool=bestpractice.com[134]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Practical guide to the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2000.http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/prctgd_c.pdf[135]Berne C; the Orlistat Swedish Type 2 diabetes Study Group. A randomized study of orlistat in combination with a weight management programme in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Diabet Med. 2005 May;22(5):612-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15842517?tool=bestpractice.com[136]Cocco G, Pandolfi S, Rousson V. Sufficient weight reduction decreases cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients with the metabolic syndrome: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes (diet and exercise). Heart Drug. 2005;5:68-74.[137]Erdmann J, Lippl F, Klose G, et al. Cholesterol lowering effect of dietary weight loss and orlistat treatment: efficacy and limitations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jun 1;19(11):1173-9.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118774140/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15153170?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Kopelman P, Groot Gde H, Rissanen A, et al. Weight loss, HbA1c reduction, and tolerability of cetilistat in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial in obese diabetics: comparison with orlistat (Xenical). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Jan;18(1):108-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461584?tool=bestpractice.com[139]McClendon KS, Riche DM, Uwaifo GI. Orlistat: current status in clinical therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009 Nov;8(6):727-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19998527?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Khera R, Murad MH, Chandar AK, et al. Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016 Jun 14;315(22):2424-34.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5617638/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299618?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with hypertension, what are the long-term effects of orlistat?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1352/full显示答案 联合奥利司他和左旋肉碱可以较单用奥利司他提供更好的疗效。[141]Derosa G, Maffioli P, Ferrari I, et al. Orlistat and L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone on insulin resistance in obese diabetic patients. Endocr J. 2010;57(9):777-86.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/57/9/57_K10E-049/_pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20683173?tool=bestpractice.com
氯卡色林是一种选择性 5-HT 2C 受体激动剂,在与生活方式调整计划联合使用时,可实现中度的剂量依赖性减重(5% 至 10%)。[142]Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B, et al. A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Oct;96(10):3067-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795446?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Munoz-Rivas N. A randomized, multicentric trial on lorcaserin versus placebo in the management of overweight and obesity. Revista Clinica Espanola. 2011;211:52-53.
美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 现在已批准两种用于长期体重管理的口服联合治疗:一种含芬特明(一种苯丙胺/食欲抑制剂)和托吡酯(一种抗惊厥药),另一种含纳曲酮(一种阿片受体拮抗剂)和丁胺苯丙酮(一种去甲肾上腺素-多巴胺再摄取抑制剂)。纳曲酮/丁胺苯丙酮也在欧洲获准用于肥胖或超重成人的体重管理。芬特明/托吡酯未在欧洲获得批准,基于安全性考虑,已拒绝批准此药。在两项 III 期临床试验[144]Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011 Apr 16;377(9774):1341-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21481449?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Allison DB, Gadde KM, Garvey WT, et al. Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 Feb;20(2):330-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270297/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22051941?tool=bestpractice.com 和一项扩展临床试验中,[146]Garvey WT, Ryan DH, Look M, et al. Two-year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 extension study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb;95(2):297-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260065/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158731?tool=bestpractice.com 结果显示在联合生活方式干预时,可有效减轻体重。 由于这一联合治疗方法会增加唇腭裂的风险,因此不应用于怀孕女性。 在 4 项 III 期临床试验中评估了纳曲酮/丁胺苯丙酮,结果显示在联合生活方式干预时,纳曲酮/丁胺苯丙酮在减轻体重方面比安慰剂有效。[147]Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA, et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):595-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673995?tool=bestpractice.com[148]Greenway FL, Dunayevich E, Tollefson G, et al. Comparison of combined bupropion and naltrexone therapy for obesity with monotherapy and placebo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Dec;94(12):4898-906.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19846734?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Apovian CM, Aronne L, Rubino D, et al. A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 May;21(5):935-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3739931/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408728?tool=bestpractice.com[150]Wadden TA, Foreyt JP, Foster GD, et al. Weight loss with naltrexone SR/bupropion SR combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: the COR-BMOD trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Jan;19(1):110-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459776/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20559296?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Hollander P, Gupta AK, Plodkowski R, et al. Effects of naltrexone sustained-release/bupropion sustained-release combination therapy on body weight and glycemic parameters in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013 Dec;36(12):4022-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836105/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24144653?tool=bestpractice.com
高剂量利拉鲁肽(一种皮下注射给药的胰高血糖素样多肽-1 受体激动剂)也已在欧洲和美国获准作为体育活动和低卡路里饮食的辅助干预手段,用于管理肥胖或超重成人的体重。 很多涉及肥胖或超重患者(伴或不伴糖尿病)的临床试验证实,利拉鲁肽联合生活方式干预可有效减少体重和改善代谢控制。[152]Davies MJ, Bergenstal R, Bode B, et al. Efficacy of liraglutide for weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes: the SCALE diabetes randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 Aug 18;314(7):687-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26284720?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 2;373(1):11-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411892#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26132939?tool=bestpractice.com 正在进行的利拉鲁肽 III 期试验被作为“饱腹感和临床肥胖-非糖尿病和糖尿病个体中的利拉鲁肽证据 (Satiety and Clinical Adiposity-Liraglutide Evidence in Nondiabetic and Diabetic Individuals, SCALE)”项目的一部分而实施。[154]Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE Maintenance randomized study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Nov;37(11):1443-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812094?tool=bestpractice.com
西布曲明是既往被推荐的药物,但2010年10月厂商主动在美国市场上撤下该药,由于临床试验数据显示该药和心梗风险以及脑卒中风险增加有关。 FDA 建议患者停用此药,并就替代治疗咨询他们的医生。[155]James WP, Caterson ID, Coutinho W, et al. Effect of sibutramine on cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 2;363(10):905-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1003114#t=articleTophttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818901?tool=bestpractice.com 出于安全性考虑,欧洲药品管理局 (European Medicines Agency, EMA) 在 2010 年 1 月暂停了西布曲明在欧盟地区的上市许可。[156]European Medicines Agency. Press release: European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of marketing authorisations for sibutramine. January 2010. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ (last accessed 12 September 2016).http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Press_release/2010/01/WC500069995.pdf
减重手术
总体而言,减重手术通过对胃部、小肠或者两者共同的手术,改变饥饿感和饱胀感,从而减少卡路里摄入。 BMI≥40 kg/m^2(即病态肥胖)或 ≥35 kg/m^2 并伴有肥胖相关共病(例如高血压、糖尿病、睡眠呼吸暂停、GORD)的患者可作为大部分减肥手术的候选者。[1]Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S102-38.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/25_suppl_2/S102.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222017?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Buchwald H. Consensus conference statement bariatric surgery for morbid obesity: health implications for patients, health professionals, and third-party payers. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2005 May-Jun;1(3):371-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16925250?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD005105.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005105/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636786?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Maggard MA, Shugarman LR, Suttorp M, et al. Meta-analysis: surgical treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 5;142(7):547-59.http://www.annals.org/content/142/7/547.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15809466?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Day P. What is the evidence for the safety and effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical interventions for patients with morbid obesity? NZHTA Technical Brief. 2005;4:1-40.http://nzhta.chmeds.ac.nz/publications/morbid_obesity.pdf[159]Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007 Mar 7;297(9):969-77.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/297/9/969http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17341711?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Fabricatore AN. Behavior therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy of obesity: is there a difference? J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Jan;107(1):92-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17197276?tool=bestpractice.com[161]Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA, et al. What interventions should we add to weight reducing diets in adults with obesity? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of adding drug therapy, exercise, behaviour therapy or combinations of these interventions. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2004 Aug;17(4):293-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15250841?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Foster GD, Makris AP, Bailer BA. Behavioral treatment of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1 suppl):S230-5.http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/1/230Shttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002827?tool=bestpractice.com[163]Li Z, Maglione M, Tu W, et al. Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 5;142(7):532-46.http://www.annals.org/content/142/7/532.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15809465?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Bray GA, Ryan DH. Drug treatment of the overweight patient. Gastroenterology. 2007 May;132(6):2239-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498515?tool=bestpractice.com[165]Colquitt JL, Pickett K, Loveman E, et al. Surgery for weight loss in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(8):CD003641.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003641.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25105982?tool=bestpractice.com减重:在病理性肥胖患者中,行减重手术10年后减重的效果优于其他干预方式的证据级别差。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 之后美国 FDA 决定降低这些要求,从而将 BMI>30 kg/m^2 且有共病的患者也作为腹腔镜可调节性胃束带术的可能候选者。一项随机临床试验发现,在未控制的 2 型糖尿病的肥胖患者中,与仅接受药物治疗相比,接受胃旁路手术或袖状胃切除术后的血糖控制显著改善。[166]Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, et al; STAMPEDE Investigators. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes - 3-year outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 22;370(21):2002-13.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451259/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24679060?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇系统评价显示,减肥手术与术后抑郁的患病率下降和严重程度下降有关。[167]Dawes AJ, Maggard-Gibbons M, Maher AR, et al. Mental health conditions among patients seeking and undergoing bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016 Jan 12;315(2):150-63.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2481004http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26757464?tool=bestpractice.com
2015 年,袖状胃切除术 (53.8%) 是美国最常实施的减肥手术,其次为胃旁路术 (23.1%)、修正术 (13.6%)、可调节胃束带术 (5.7%) 和胆胰分流术/十二指肠转位术 (0.6%)。[168]American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Estimate of bariatric surgery numbers. Jul 2016 [internet publication].https://asmbs.org/resources/estimate-of-bariatric-surgery-numbers Roux-en-Y 胃旁路术可能比胃束带术更为有效,但后者的并发症更少。[169]Tice JA, Karliner L, Walsh J, et al. Gastric banding or bypass? A systematic review comparing the two most popular bariatric procedures. Am J Med. 2008 Oct;121(10):885-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823860?tool=bestpractice.com[170]Garb J, Welch G, Zagarins S, et al. Bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity: a meta-analysis of weight loss outcomes for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2009 Oct;19(10):1447-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19655209?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Nguyen NT, Slone JA, Nguyen XM, et al. A prospective randomized trial of laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for the treatment of morbid obesity: outcomes, quality of life, and costs. Ann Surg. 2009 Oct;250(4):631-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19730234?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究评估了 BMI 为 50-60 kg/m^2 的患者接受 Roux-en-Y 胃旁路手术或腹腔镜十二指肠转位术后 5 年的结局,结果显示,与胃旁路手术相比,十二指肠转位术会导致更大幅度的体重减轻,但手术、营养和胃肠道方面的不良反应更多。[172]Risstad H, Søvik TT, Engström M, et al. Five-year outcomes after laparoscopic gastric bypass and laparoscopic duodenal switch in patients with body mass index of 50 to 60: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2015 Apr;150(4):352-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25650964?tool=bestpractice.com 还需要进一步的研究。腹腔镜胃袖状切除术是一种较新的手术方式。针对该手术的证据显示,其减重效果优于可调节性胃束带术,但低于胃旁路手术。[173]ASMBS Clinical Issues Committee. Updated position statement on sleeve gastrectomy as a bariatric procedure. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012 May-Jun;8(3):e21-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417852?tool=bestpractice.com 有限的初步数据显示,胃内水囊联合饮食在减重方面可能有短期疗效。[174]Fernandes M, Atallah AN, Soares BG, et al. Intragastric balloon for obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD004931.http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004931/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253531?tool=bestpractice.com[175]Imaz I, Martínez-Cervell C, García-Alvarez EE, et al. Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity: a meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2008 Jul;18(7):841-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18459025?tool=bestpractice.com 由于报告致命的不良反应,美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 建议谨慎使用充满液体的胃内球囊系统,并建议医护人员密切监测使用这些装置治疗并发症的患者。在美国,不再推荐使用垂直捆绑胃成形术。越来越多的证据显示,对于肥胖患者的 2 型糖尿病和高血压,减肥手术是一种有效的治疗。[176]Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2009 Mar;122(3):248-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19272486?tool=bestpractice.com[177]Foster GD, Borradaile KE, Sanders MH, et al. A randomized study on the effect of weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes: the Sleep AHEAD study. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Sep 28;169(17):1619-26.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879275/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786682?tool=bestpractice.com[165]Colquitt JL, Pickett K, Loveman E, et al. Surgery for weight loss in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(8):CD003641.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003641.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25105982?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇汇集85000个病例的综述报道各式减重手术的30天死亡率是0.28%,亚组分析显示亚组中的死亡率不同。[178]Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, et al. Trends in mortality in bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery. 2007 Oct;142(4):621-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950357?tool=bestpractice.com